Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Research Paper Example The way in which this peril was met builds the basis of current admiration for the struggle of Black vote—a struggle fuelled by the sacrifice of those who were murdered, beaten, or injured by a white supremacist attitude. This research paper discusses the history of the Black vote in the United States. The Black Struggle for Voting Rights Recognition that Blacks already voted prior to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was presented in the famed Dred Scott resolution in 1856 wherein a Supreme Court dominated by Democrats stated that Blacks â€Å"had no rights which a white man was bound to respect; and that the Negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit† (Jaffa 286). Justice Benjamin Curtis, the only non-democrat, opposed that statement and showed a long documentary history to prove that numerous Blacks in the U.S. had frequently practiced citizens’ rights—that numerous Blacks during the American Revolution â€Å"possessed the franch ise of [voters] on equal terms with other citizens† (Muhammad 17). States that guaranteed and safeguarded the rights of Blacks to vote in the 18th century were New York, New Hampshire, Maryland, and Delaware. Pennsylvania and Massachusetts also guaranteed the Blacks’ right to vote in their constitution. Indeed, a Black Republican, Robert Brown Elliott, asked in 1874 (Middleton 109): â€Å"When did Massachusetts sully her proud record by placing on her statute-book any law which admitted to the ballot the white man and shut out the black man? She has never done it; she will not do it.† Because of such legislations, early American cities had a larger number of Black voters than Whites; and when the suggested American Constitution was presented to the people in the latter part of the 18th century, it was approved by both White and Black voters in several states (Barton para 4). However, this is not to suggest that every Black was granted voting rights; free Blacks, excluding those in South Carolina, were allowed to vote but slaves were prohibited to exercise voting rights. But in several states this was insignificant, because many individuals and groups persevered to abolish slavery during the American Revolution (Fauntroy 62). Even though Britain had disallowed the eradication of slavery in the colonies prior to the Revolution, as autonomous states they had the power to abolish slavery, just like what happened in New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. In addition, Blacks in numerous states were not only granted voting rights but also rights to participate in public affairs (Barton para 5). In Alabama, 99 Blacks were voted for the State Legislature, 127 Blacks for Louisiana’s Legislature, 50 Blacks for South Carolina’s, and 42 for Texas Legislature (Barton para 15). These Republican governing bodies acted immediately to guarantee and safeguard the right to vote for Blacks, ba n segregation, and grant Blacks access to juries, law enforcement, public transportation, and so on. At a time when majority of southern Democrats had not yet approved the vow of fidelity to the U.S. and thus were not allowed to vote, they still tried to threaten and get in the way of the endorsement of Blacks’

The Use Of Performance Management In Hr Business Essay

The Use Of Performance Management In Hr Business Essay Performance management is a topic that cuts across traditional HRM boundaries, as it also has implications for employee development. Performance Management is seen as a dimension of employee resourcing and performance monitoring and review as part of the appraisal process. In many organisations, formal, systematic procedures are introduced to regularly assess employee performance, usually involving, at a minimum, an interview between a manager and an employee, with documentation of recorded performance. One major reform being undertaken in the public service is the development of a performance management system. Its primary aim is to improve performance by focusing on key areas of activity of the Ministry/department, teams and individuals through on agreed framework of planned goals, objectives and standards. 7.3 DEFINITIONS Noe et al. (2008) define performance management as the process trough which managers ensure that employees activities and outputs are congruent with the organisations goals. (This definition emphasises the need for performance management to be aligned to the strategy of the organisation). Performance management can be defined as a strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organisations by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing the capabilities of teams and individual contributors (Armstrong and Baron, 1998). 7.4 MEANING OF PERFORMANCE Bates Holton (1995) pointed that performance is a multi-dimensional construct, the measurement of which varies depending on a variety of factors. They also state that it is important to determine whether the measurement objective is to assess performance outcomes or behaviour. Kane (1996) argues that performance is something that the person leaves behind and that exists apart from the purpose. Bernadin et al. (1995) are concerned that performance should be defined as the outcomes of work because they provide the strongest linkage to the strategic goals of the organisation, customer satisfaction and economic contributions. The Oxford dictionary defines performance as the accomplishment, execution, carrying out, working out of anything ordered or undertaken. Performance is about doing the work as well as about the results achieved. Performance can therefore be regarded as behaviour the way in which organisations, teams and individuals, get the work done. Campbell (1990) believes that: Performance is behaviour and should be distinguished from the outcomes because they can be contaminated by system factors. For Brumbach (1988), performance means both behaviours and results. Behaviours emanate from the performer and transform performance from abstraction to action. Not just the instruments for results, behaviours are also outcomes in their own right the product of mental and physical effort applied to tasks and can be judged apart from results. From this definition, we can conclude that when managing the performance of teams, and individuals, both inputs (behaviour) and outputs (results) need to be considered. This is the so-called mixed model (Martle, 1995) of performance management which covers competency levels and achievements as well as objective setting and review. 7.5 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT What, in your opinion, is the difference between Performance Appraisal and Performance Management? Noe et al (2008) emphasises that Performance Appraisal is only a component of Performance Management as it involves the administrative and relatively isolated duty of measuring aspects of an employees performance. Performance Management is a broader concept than Performance Appraisal in that it provides not only for the measurement of performance, but the defining of performance according to organisational goals as well as the provision of performance feedback. Performance Appraisal (Performance Measurement Specification of Performance Criteria Performance Feedback Performance Management (Noe et al, 2008) 7.6 FEEDBACK Feedback is a method of communication, usually face-to-face with another person where the desired outcome is normally: Improved work performance. A maintenance of performance. A change of behaviour. To make another person aware of ones behaviour upon others. Performance Management is strategic in the sense that it is concerned with the broader issues facing the business if it is to function effectively in its environment, and with the general direction in which it intends to go to achieve longer terms goals. It is integrated in four senses: Vertical integration linking or aligning business, team and individual objectives. Functional integration linking functional strategies in different parts of the business. HR integration linking different aspects of HRM, specially organisational development HR development and reward. The integration of individual needs with those of the organisation, as far as this is possible. Activity 1 (i) Differentiate between Performance Appraisal and Performance Management as you see it in the local context. (ii) Discuss the importance of feedback in the management of performance. 7.7 PURPOSE OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Performance Management is a means of getting better results from the organisation, teams and individuals by understanding and managing performance within an agreed framework of planned goals, standards and competence requirements. It is a process for establishing shared understanding about what is to be achieved, and an approach to managing and developing people in a way that increases the probability that it will be achieved in the short and long term. It is owned and driven by line management (Armstrong, 2001). Activity 2 (i) Based on your experience of performance management within the organisation in which you work, what do you think is the purpose of Performance Management? Performance Management has three essential purposes: Strategic purpose. Administrative purpose. Developmental purpose. Strategic purpose A Performance Management system serves to link employee performance to the overall organisational strategy and organisational objectives. However, research has shown that very few organisations utilise Performance Management in a manner which supports the strategy of the organisation. The strategic purpose may be achieved through designing evaluation mechanism which define employee performance in terms of organisations strategy and goals. Achievement of the organisations objectives. Increased productivity. Increased profit. Motivation of employees. Administrative purpose Performance Management systems provide information which assists organisations with administrative decisions relating to issues such as salary administration (pay rises), lay-offs and promotion (Noe et al, 2008: 348). Pay related pay (increment, bonus). Developmental purpose Performance Management systems provide information about employee strengths and weaknesses and in so doing, identify employee development needs (Noe et al, 2008: 348). Identify Training Needs Activity 3 (i) Discuss the purposes of performance management in your organisation. 7.8 APPROACHES TO PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Hereunder are the approaches to Performance Management: The comparative approach. The attribute approach. The behavioural approach. The results approach. The quality approach. The multi-rated approach. Note: The different approaches to Performance Management have their own strengths and weaknesses. 7.8.1 The Comparative Approach The comparative approach measures an individuals performance by comparing his/her performance to the performance of others. Three techniques adopt the comparative approach: Ranking : Supervisor ranking his subordinates from best performer to worst performer. Forced Distribution : Where employees are ranked in groups. 3) Paired Comparison : Where the supervisor compares every employee with every other employee in the work group, giving an employee a score of 1 every time he/she is considered to be the higher performer. Activity 4 (i) Discuss the comparative approach to Performance Management in your organisational context. 7.8.2 The Attribute Approach This approach focuses on the identification of employee attributes (knowledge, skills, attitude and experience) necessary for the organisations success. The employee is measured against these attributes. This approach includes techniques such as: Graphic Rating Scales : Where the supervisor rates the subordinate on particular traits and characteristics. Mixed Standard Scales : Where the supervisor rates the subordinate against relevant performance dimensions. Activity 5 (i) Describe the attribute approach to the Management of performance in your organisation. 7.8.3 The Behavioural Approach The behavioural approach defines behaviours necessary for effective performance in a particular job. In assessing performance, managers identify the extent to which a subordinate has exhibited the required behaviours. Example: (i) Behavioural Observation Scale. (ii) Assessment Centres. 7.8.4 The Results Approach This approach is based on the belief that results are the one best indicator of how a subordinates performance has contributed to organisational success. Results-based techniques include: Management by Objective (MBO) where goal setting is cascaded down throughout the organisation and the goals become the standard against which an employees performance is measured. Productivity Measurement and Evaluation System (PROMES) which involves a process of motivating employees to higher productivity. Balanced Score cards which may be used to manage the performance of individual employees, teams, business units as well as the organisation itself. The appraisal considers four related categories: Financial. Processes. Customer. Learning. The balanced score card enables managers to translate organisational goals into business unit, team and individual employee goals for each of the above categories. 7.8.5 The Quality Approach The focus of the quality approach is on improving customer satisfaction through a customer orientation and the prevention of errors. The design of a quality-based performance management system should focus on: The assessment of employee and system factors. The relationship between managers and employees in solving performance problems. Internal and external customers in setting standards and measuring performance. Using a number of sources to evaluate employee and system factors. Activity 6 (i) Enumerate the essential issues of quality based performance management system in relation to an organisation of your choice. 7.8.6 The Multi-Rated Approach Many organisations adopt a 360-degree feedback approach to performance measurement where information on an employees performance is not only provided by the employees immediate supervisor, but by those people whom he/she deals with on a day-to-day basis (eg. customers, co-workers, subordinates, suppliers, contractors, consultants). (Snell Bohlander, 2007: 343). This approach allows employees to receive an accurate view of their performance as different people see different things. (Snell Bohlander, 2007: 343). This approach usually involves the administration of a questionnaire to a number of people with whom the employee interacts, in which they indicate how well the employee performs in a number of behavioural areas. (Noe et al, 2008: 497). 7.8.6.1 Strengths of the 360-degree Feedback Approach As the employee is appraised from multiple perspectives, the approach is more comprehensive than other approaches. The information produced is of good quality. There is an emphasis on internal and external customers as well as the team. Bias and prejudice is lessened as the appraisal is not dependent on one persons view alone. Feedback from people other than the manager contributes considerably to an employees development. 7.8.6.2 Weaknesses of the 360-degree Feedback Approach It is a complex system in that numerous appraisals need to be combined. It can be intimidating, resulting in resentment on the part of the employee being appraised. Appraisals from different individuals may be different and confusing. Considerable training is required to ensure that the system works as it should. Employees could undermine the reliability of the approach through colluding in terms of the appraisal which they are to give each other. 7.9 SUMMARY [ In this Unit, the definition and meaning of Performance Management has been explained. The purpose of performance management has been enumerated. The approaches to performance management have been discussed in details.

Effects of Betrayal in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Effects of Betrayal in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God The first time one experiences betrayal from a close friend is the hardest situation to go through. Betrayal is clearly defined as to break the faith of an enemy, or to disclose a violation of confidence; but more specifically, and with less clarity in real life situations, betrayal is a complex action that occurs to everyone at some point in life. For a person that has been betrayed before, the simple definition does not do justice to the effects betrayal has on their life or how one can be betrayed. Apparent examples can be seen in Their Eyes Were Watching God, for the main character is clearly betrayed many times in her life. The end product could potentially be worse than the act of betrayal. The person could feel that they cannot trust the person that deceived then, or might feel like they are unable to trust anyone else. They could have mixed feelings about keeping a friendship or being around that person on a daily basis. If it were something that had major consequences or really hurt that person, one would feel anger towards that said person, especially if it were embarrassing in front of a large amount of people or was suppressing one for a long time. People can be betrayed in a variety of ways for different reasons, by anyone in their lives. A close family member or a best friend could betray one. They may go behind one’s back in order for more personal gain, but sometimes they commit betrayal in the interest of one’s benefit. A not so close friend could betray one’s trust by telling a secret or situation that was told or seen in confidence that was broken for a juicy story or just slipped unnoticed. Some people betray their friends or enemies in order to make them look bad; such as spreading a rumor about said person. More than once was Janie betrayed; the main character from Their Eyes Were Watching God tells her life story to her friend and explains the things that were not so good in her life. Many people through the course of her life betray her, most recognizably she is constantly the talk of her town, and some townspeople that are jealous are the mouth of that gossip. They talk about her behind her back to make themselves more assured that she is not better than them.

Forest Essay

1. The role of working memory in top-down perceptual processing is that the working memory is responsible for reasoning and decision making. It holds a set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information. Therefore working memory’s role in top-down perceptual processing Is that the perception of higher-level knowledge provided for top-down processing Is knowledge from the working memory. The knowledge needed for top-down perceptual processing to happen is generated from the working memory thus making working memory play a big role in top-down perceptual processing. 2. If I was developing a public health campaign to warn people about the dangers of overeating and obesity, I would put more emphasis on healthy foods rather than a healthy body size. Society values a slim body type and gives people the notion that obesity is very unattractive, and because of this message people often start dieting and go overboard with It. They become lost In a world of their own and think that they can never be too skinny, not realizing themselves how sickly thin they have become. Also some psychologists believe that eating disorders can be brought about by overly demanding parents or other family Issues. Focusing on a healthy diet rather than a healthy body size would help balance the need to prevent obesity with the need to avoid increasing the risk of eating disorders. 3. After watching the movie Forest Gump and observing the main character Forest, he illustrates a lot of different aspects of intelligence. I think that Forest shows his understanding about the world, he can think rationally and he always uses resources effectively when faced with challenges in his life, therefore demonstrating his intelligence. Forest demonstrates his use of intelligence throughout the movie in any different ways. One major challenge Forest is faced with in his childhood years is the leg braces he needs because of his crooked spine. Many of the young children he goes to school with look at him as being different and make fun of him because of his leg braces. In the beginning of the movie, Forest gets on the bus for school and the kids on the bus tell him all the seats are taken as he walks down the aisle. One little girl tells Forest that he can sit beside her, and from this point on their friendship blooms; Jenny and Forest become best friends. Although Forest many be little slow, he shows his intelligence in many ways. In the beginning of the movie he is there for Jenny, he understands that her dad doesn ‘t treat her right and is very concerned about her. When she doesn ‘t get on the bus for school one morning, Forest goes to find her; he understands and is able to think rationally in this situation. When Forest’s mother passes away after a battle with cancer, he understands that everyone lives then has to die at some point. Forest also shows practical Intelligence In this movie in many ways. Practical Intelligence Is the most seful measurement of Intelligence according to Stenberg; It Is Intelligence related to overall successes In llvlng. A tnougn Forest races cnallenges, ne Is still aDle to De very successful in many ways shown in this movie. Forest is successful in college although he thinks it is confusing at times. He gets to be on the school football team which he excels in because he can run fast. Forest graduates from college and is able to Join the army and does very well, he saves the lives of injured men in the war they fight. Forest is extremely good at ping pong and gets to be on the all American eam, he buys a fishing boat and becomes a successful shrimp fisherman with Lieutenant Dan, and Lieutenant Dan invests in shares in Apple and donates money to the church. Eventually, Forest and Jenny get married, Jenny dies and Forest looks after his son. All these are examples of practical intelligence showing how successful Forest Gump is throughout his life even though he mentally compromised. Aspects of Gardner’s forms of intelligence that Forest displays are bodily kinesthetic skills; Forest is able to perform skills using his whole body such as dancing, being on the ollege football team, excelling at ping pong and long distance running. Forest learned better by performing activities using his body rather than reading information about how to do things because he had a higher form of bodily kinesthetic skills. Forest also demonstrates interpersonal intelligence as he is able to interact with others easily throughout the movie. A good example of Forest Gump’s interpersonal intelligence would be at the end of the movie when he gets Jenny’s house torn down because of the emotions she associates with the house where she as abused at a young age by her father. He also demonstrated aspects of intrapersonal intelligence by believing in himself and expressing his emotions and love for Jenny and his son. He was also extremely aware of his body and mind allowing him to become a successful athlete in the movie with football, running, and ping pong. Forest showed naturalist intelligence by his awareness of nature and his environment. An example of this is when he explained to Jenny about Vietnam and how beautiful it was. He was able to explain things to Jenny by using his vivid memory about the nature around him.

A Visit to a Buddhist Temple

A visit to a Buddhist temple for a service is a chance for a new experience and to expand personal cultural horizons. I approached with an open mind on learning and experiencing what exactly the service had to offer. The service started at 9:30 and was very quiet. People just came in and knelt on the floor or sat in benched towards the back of the room. The front of the room was open and most people just went up and sat or knelt on the floor. There were some alters to a few gods. There were flowers, candles and incense burning at the front of the room. The service opened up with one and half hours of meditation.A time for reflection and prayer. At about 11:00 one of the monks went to the front and knelt facing the congregation. People sat up and faced him. The monk gave a long talk on the feelings of others and how we all should be considerate of those feelings. He spoke on the source of strength as the time one spends in meditation. He spoke for nearly an hour. (Brooke). Then severa l monks began chanting and coming from the back of the temple and marched to the front – others from the congregation began to join them. They were carrying various flowers, vegetables and incense burners.Some were also carrying incense which was not burning yet. hey replaced the older flowers with fresh and put food around the alter. They also put out more incense. When finished people began leaving. That was the entire service lasted about three hours. The people are very reflective on how they impact those around them. It was nice to see how other cultures worship. I was glad to take part and visit this new world. Bibliography Brooke, Cynthia. â€Å"Heartland Sangha: American Buddhism. † Heartland Sangha: What is they do? 1. 108 Aug 2001 1. 19 Feb 2009 .

Publishing a Fundraising Field Guide, by Carlos E. Espinal

Publishing a Fundraising Field Guide, by Carlos E. Espinal Publishing a Fundraising Field Guide, by Carlos Eduardo Espinal Three days ago, we experienced the mixture of fear, excitement and fascination that comes  with a book launch. We released  our  very first book under the  Reedsy imprint: a Fundraising Field Guide, by Carlos Eduardo Espinal, partner at Seedcamp (Europe’s #1 Acceleration Fund).Reedsy is not really a publishing company, so this might come as a small surprise to those who know us. But this book meant something special to us, so we decided to get more involved than we usually do; now, it’s time to tell why†¦Pitching to SeedcampIt all started when our co-founder and CEO Emmanuel met Carlos in the Spring of 2014†¦ He pitched him the idea of Reedsy at a Seedcamp event in Paris, and Carlos told him he was actually in the process of turning a collection of blog posts he'd written over the years into a book. So when Reedsy was selected to pitch to the Seedcamp investment committee a few months later, we had our designer  draw him up and prepared a cool slide just for him†¦

ATHENS Essays - Ancient Agora Of Athens, Athens, Free Essays

ATHENS Essays - Ancient Agora Of Athens, Athens, Free Essays ATHENS THE ANCIENT CITY OF ATHENS is a photographic archive of the archaeological and architectural remains of ancient Athens (Greece). It is intended primarily as a resource for students of classical languages, civilization, art, archaeology, and history at Indiana University who may wish to take a "virtual tour" of the chief excavated regions and extant monuments. We also hope that this site will be useful to all who have an interest in archaeological exploration and the recovery, interpretation, and preservation of the past. ?Copyright All of the images presented here are from the personal slide collection of Kevin T. Glowacki and Nancy L. Klein. You are free to download and use unmodified copies of these images for non-commercial purposes providing that you include a reference to this site and copyright notice. If you use any of these images for presentations or papers, or have any comments or suggestions, we would appreciate hearing from you by email or post. (We especially enjoy email from students & teachers in grade school & high school!) Indiana University Bloomington Home Page. IU Classical Studies Home Page. Archaeological Institute of America, Central Indiana Society Home Page. The WWWorld of Archaeology. (From ARCHAEOLOGY Magazine). Exploring Ancient World Cultures. ("An exhibition of WWW sites pertaining to ancient world cultures," by Anthony F. Beavers of the University of Evansville and Bill Hemminger.) Topography & Monuments of Ancient Athens When archaeologists use the term "topography" in their work, they usually mean a combination of several different subjects, including 1) the geography & natural resources of a country, 2) the architectural form of a city as it develops over several centuries or even millenia, and 3) the study of different functional areas within a city or its countryside, such as sanctuaries, civic centers, marketplaces, workshops, private houses, & cemeteries. A student of "topography" must be prepared to dabble in subjects such as architecture, art, literature, history, epigraphy, numismatics, religion, politics, physical anthropology, and geology, as well as having an understanding of the methodologies of archaeological excavation and regional survey. Hence, "topography" can be a truly interdisplinary adventure, full of all the things that make classical archaeology such an exciting field to study. One of the most important sources for the topography of Athens (in particular) and Greek archaeology (in general) is an eye-witness account written by the traveler Pausanias in the 2nd century A.D. Pausanias spent several years traveling throughout Greece and he recorded many fascinating details about the famous cities, temples, and monuments which were already considered ancient even in his own day! Athens was one of the first places he visited on his journey and his description of the city provides us with some invaluable clues about the location, form, decoration, function, and historical significance of many prominent monuments. (It provides us with some problems too, since the evidence from modern archaeological excavation does not always readily agree with what Pausanias records. Is it a matter of physical preservation? Or a problem with our methods of archaeological interpretation? Or could it be that sometimes Pausanias and/or his tour guides got a few of the "facts" mixed up a phenomenon all too familiar to any modern traveler who has tried to absorb all of the sights & sounds & history of one of the great cities of the world!). Of the many possible ways in which THE ANCIENT CITY OF ATHENS could have been organized, we have chosen to present the monuments in essentially the same order as they were visited by Pausanias. For each section, we have also provided a "link" to an English translation of Pausanias from the PERSEUS Project (a great website where you can learn much more about ancient Greek culture, literature, history, and art!). Although not everything mentioned by Pausanias has been preserved, and despite the fact that Pausanias tended to omit monuments of the Roman period (which were, after all, "modern" as far as he was concerned), we think that this is a natural and effective way to structure our "virtual tour" of the city. KALO TAXIDI! The Kerameikos: Kerameikos Cemetery, Public & Private Grave Monuments, "Themistoklean" Wall, Sacred Gate, Dipylon Gate, Pompeion. The Agora: Commercial & Civic Center of Ancient Athens: Royal Stoa, Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios, Temple of Apollo Patroos, Metroon, Bouleuterion, Tholos, Monument of the Eponymous Heroes, Hephaisteion, Altar of the 12 Gods, Stoa of Attalos, Church of the Holy Apostles. The Roman Agora, Tower of the Winds, & the Library of Hadrian: Gate of Athena Archegetis, Colonnade, Fountain, Propylon,

How to Write Papers for Graduate School

How to Write Papers for Graduate School Graduate study is all about writing, as the thesis or dissertation is the ticket to graduation. However, lots of writing occurs well before the thesis and dissertation are begun. Most graduate courses require students to write term papers. Many beginning graduate students are accustomed to writing papers and approach them in ways similar to undergraduate papers. As students advance and near the end of their coursework, they often look ahead towards the next task (such as preparing for comprehensive exams) and may begin to resent writing papers, feeling that they have already proven themselves as competent students. Both of these approaches are misguided. Papers are your opportunity to advance your own scholarly work and receive guidance to enhance your competence. Take Advantage of Term Papers How do you take advantage of papers? Be thoughtful. Choose your topic carefully. Each paper you write should do double duty - complete a course requirement and further your own development. Your paper topic should meet the course requirements, but it should also relate to your own scholarly interests. Review an area of literature related to your interests. Or you might examine a topic that you are interested in but unsure whether it is complex enough to study for your dissertation. Writing a term paper about the topic will help you determine if the topic is broad and deep enough to fulfill a large project and will also help you determine if it will sustain your interest. Term papers offer a place for you to test ideas but also to make progress on your current research interests. Double Duty Each assignment you write should do double duty: help you advance your own scholarly agenda and get feedback from a faculty member. Papers are opportunities to get feedback about your ideas and writing style. Faculty can help you improve your writing and help you learn how to think like a scholar. Take advantage of this opportunity and dont simply seek to finish. That said, take care in how you plan and construct your papers. Attend to ethical guidelines of writing. Writing the same paper over and over or submitting the same paper for more than one assignment is unethical and will get you into a great deal of trouble. Instead, the ethical approach is to use each paper as an opportunity to fill in a gap in your knowledge. Consider a student in developmental psychology who is interested in adolescents who engage in risky behaviors such as drinking and drug use. While enrolled in a course in neuroscience, the student might examine how brain development influences risky behavior. In a course on cognitive development, the student might examine the role of cognition in risky behavior. A personality course might push the student to look at personality characteristics that influence risk behavior. In this way, the student advances his or her scholarly knowledge while completing course requirements. The student, therefore, should be examining multiple aspects of his or her general research topic. Will this work for you? At least some of the time. It will be better in some courses than others, but, regardless, it is worth a try.

RE-WRITE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

RE-WRITE - Essay Example The usual assumption is that ambient noise is isotropic (equal on all directions). This is commonly considered in sonar equations. We therefore attempt to reduce the effective noise level by utilising of the directional capabilities of the hydrophone (NL-DI). However, in deep waters the sea surface is considerably the principal source of ambient noise. It these areas the ambient level is not truly isotropic. Conversely, in shallow waters ambient noise is essentially isotropic due to reflections from the sea floor (Davidson, 2006). The features of the parametric approach are best illustrated on an example taken from a hypothetical sonar application. The approach was to apply time-frequency circumstances for detection. The detection conditions are simply: The second level, in particular, enables signal detection of a very low false alarm rate on narrow-band sonar signals. It acts as a narrow band pass filter at the input of detection algorithm, which efficiently eliminates out-of-band noise. Figure 1 shows a 50 kHz sonar return from shallow water. Simulated water-depth is 3 m. the transmit pulse has a duration of 0.4 Ms. The noise is of uniform distribution restricted to the signal band. Signal to noise ratio (S/N) is 20 dB while the signal’s full waveform was digitised at the rate of 1 MHz. Only the envelope of the signal is shown in Figure 1. Without any further processing, the echo time series, which consists of 1000 sample, is now submitted to the detection algorithm. While the parametric model is calculated for every sample, the spectrum from 48 kHz to 52 kHz is computed for every 10th interval. The 4 kHz band is evaluated at 200 frequencies with a resolution of 20 Hz. A three dimensional view of the sonogram (Figure 2) may illustrate how well the spectral peaks in the sonar return are defined in a time-frequency representation. The algorithm is very fast and real time processing capable. It does not require that the

Josph Listr guru of surgry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Josph Listr guru of surgry - Essay Example JosÐ µph ListÐ µr wÐ °s born Ð °t Upton, ЕnglÐ °nd, in 1827, whÐ µrÐ µ hÐ µ hÐ °d rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µd his gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °l Ð µducÐ °tion Ð °t thÐ µ UnivÐ µrsity of London. Ð ftÐ µr studying in London Ð °nd Еdinburgh hÐ µ bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ Ð ° fÐ °mous lÐ µcturÐ µr in surgÐ µry Ð °t thÐ µ UnivÐ µrsity. JosÐ µph ListÐ µr focusÐ µd Ð ° lot on thÐ µ works of othÐ µr prominÐ µnt sciÐ µntists to find Ð ° proof thÐ °t infÐ µctions wÐ µrÐ µ not cÐ °usÐ µd by Ð ° chÐ µmicÐ °l rÐ µÃ °ction, or Ð °n oxidÐ °tion, thÐ °t took plÐ °cÐ µ Ð µvÐ µry timÐ µ thÐ µ oxygÐ µn wÐ °s rÐ µÃ °cting with thÐ µ Ð °ir. "HospitÐ °lism", Ð °s thÐ µ disÐ µÃ °sÐ µs sÐ µpticÐ µmiÐ °, Ð µrysipÐ µlÐ °s, Ð °nd pyÐ µmiÐ ° bÐ µgÐ °n to collÐ µctivÐ µly bÐ µ known wÐ °s thÐ µ root of thÐ µ ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming mortÐ °lity rÐ °tÐ µ in thÐ µ hospitÐ °l sÐ µtting (WÐ µbÐ µr, 2000). ThÐ µ quÐ µstion thÐ °t wÐ °s on ListÐ µr mind wÐ °s Ð °bout thÐ µ sÐ µpsis thÐ °t following compound frÐ °cturÐ µs, Ð ° frÐ °cturÐ µ in which thÐ µ skin is brokÐ µn Ð °nd thÐ µ bonÐ µ Ð µxposÐ µd thÐ °t rÐ µsultÐ µd into high mortÐ °lity rÐ °tÐ µ, Ð µspÐ µciÐ °lly whÐ µn thÐ µ individuÐ °l Ð °ftÐ µr thÐ µ surgÐ µry stÐ °yÐ µd in thÐ µ hospitÐ °l. SomÐ µhow ListÐ µr knÐ µw thÐ °t hÐ µ hÐ °d to kÐ µÃ µp thÐ µ wound frÐ µÃ µ of thÐ µ microbÐ µs thÐ °t wÐ µrÐ µ cÐ °using thÐ µ infÐ µctions, Ð °nd hÐ µ wÐ °s Ð °wÐ °rÐ µ of CÐ °rbolic Ð cid, which wÐ °s mÐ °inly usÐ µd to gÐ µt rid of odors Ð °ftÐ µr sÐ µwÐ °gÐ µ. Not long Ð °ftÐ µr, CÐ °rbolic Ð cid wÐ °s usÐ µd on Ð ° smÐ °ll boy with Ð ° compound frÐ °cturÐ µ of his lÐ µg, whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ wound did not suppurÐ °tÐ µ following surgÐ µry Ð °nd thÐ µ only pÐ °in wÐ °s thÐ °t thÐ µ Ð °cid wÐ °s burning thÐ µ boy’s skin. ... Only ftr nlyzing Pstur's rsrch, Listr cm to th conclusion tht th formtion of pus ws du to bctri; Listr nvr stoppd dvloping his ntisptic surgicl mthods. Ltr on this invntion ws rnkd s on of th grt discovris of th g, bcus du to immdit succss of th nw trtmnt, it ws doptd vrywhr. In 1865 Listr introducd his ntisptic systm in such wy, tht h did not nd much tim to convinc th rst of th world to ccpt it. Of cours, ltr on, mny scintists will sy tht on of th mjor fctors tht ld to such succssful invntion ws th dvlopmnt of th grm thory of diss nd bctriology in th priod 1857-1885 by Pstur, Koch, nd othr scintists, which, in this cs, lrdy ws rvolution tht ld to th rvolution in surgry. This intrict combintion of thory nd prctic somtims is xtrmly complictd, but onc succssful cn ld to rvolution in nturl scincs. Listr's first ppr on th ntisptic mthod, publishd in th Lnct in rly 1867, dlt with trils of th mthod in ptints with compound frcturs, nd includd prliminry rport on its prvntion of scondry infction whn drining tubrculr bscsss (Listr,1867). Th rsults turnd out to b vry striking: complictions occur mor frquntly in css of inflmmtion nd bscss nithr in th wound nor from gnrl spsis. On th 21 of Sptmbr 1867 scond ppr on th ntisptic mthod pprd in both th British Mdicl Journl nd th Lnct. Listr's work ws th first convincing ppliction of th grm thory to th control of humn diss, nd s such it spurrd grt progrss in surgry nd othr filds. Thr is no instnc in th history of surgry, nd indd fw in th history of scinc, in which dduction hs bn so compltly vrifid whn put to th tst (Listr, 1909). Ltr on h dscribs th mthod tht h usd. I hv so ltly givn lswhr dtild ccount of th mthod by which this is ffctd (Lnct, 1867), tht I shll not ntr into it t prsnt furthr thn to sy tht th mns mployd r

Should the English language be the international language Essay

Should the English language be the international language - Essay Example English has now become the language of international communication† (Kirkpatrick 1). Today English is the official language of many international organizations like the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee. For a language to be given the status of an international language, it needs to meet certain criteria. For example, neutrality, it is important for the language to be neutral. It should be able to express many concepts as a natural language; English is considered one of the most expressive languages as it has more words than any other language. It should have flexibility, where speakers have the flexibility even to coin a new word. English as a language meets these criteria to a certain extent. English also has continuity. It is one of the only languages that come closest to meeting al the criteria, therefore closest to be an international language. Many people believe that learning to read, write, and speak English would give them a better future, with many more opportunities open to them. At a global level, knowing to communicate in English gives people more access to higher levels of the labor market, and enables people to interact at a global level. Knowing English also gives people greater access to growing technologies and therefore, provides wider access to knowledge. It is considered a necessity to know English to survive in a global community where competition is high and so is the survival rate. It is easier for a person who knows to communicate in English to survive in today’s world than for a person who does not know English. It does not matter what the accent of that person is, or whether that person is a native speaker or not. Today, it is important to know English if you wish to benefit from technological and scientific research and benefit from business contacts. English is the primary ‘lingua franca’ language today, which means it is one of the

International Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

International Banking - Essay Example Banks, by their communally useful effort of converting temporary assets to standard and long-standing credits (changing maturities) get uncovered to liquidity hazards. Hence, the comprehensive banking catastrophe, which started in 2007 summer, has showed this peril and has pressed us to re-evaluate bank threat organization as a whole and liquidity risk specifically. As a result, this risk has gotten ignored until up to the present in errand of other hazards such as credit perils with market hazards. Actually, Basell I (1989) and Basell II (2005) expelled liquidity hazard control from their claim span. Transmission from financing liquidity hazard to marketplace liquidity risk does not involve a single direction. In fact, these dual risks can get jointly underpinning in a controlled system relating the spot to marketplace. Certainly, stock prices lower than their basic prices get instantly shown on the figure of banks balance sheets because of the spot to market (Evanoff 2007, 50).Thus, they get mandated to immediately streamline their balance sheets and discover themselves obliged to vend more resources cheaply to congregate solvency as well as capital dogmatic requirements. In this instance, banks get themselves entangled in hazardous descending liquidity curves. (Evanoff 2007, 50 bring to mind dual equilibriums. The foremost happens when marketplaces become liquid with good margin environment and painless access to funding for speculators, who as a result help out progress this liquidity via their actions. The next one takes place when bazaars become illiquid. Such raised margin necessities, restricts access to financing liquidity to investors who in the end offer smaller amount souk liquidity. Hence, this common strengthening of financing illiquidity with marketplace illiquidity gets mirrored in liquidity curves, which can be margins curves or loss curves. It refers to the plan

Ipad Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ipad - Research Paper Example oles anchoring what should be viewed as a continuing process with product development, advertising, and promotional efforts providing the necessary fuel to keep the process in play† (Ailloni, 1998). The iPad is getting a lot of exposure, especially in terms of media product placements. The market in which Apple operates is very competitive. There are high entry barriers and a few established competitors offering similar services. Switching costs have been increasing, because many companies are using long-term contracts with harsh penalties against customers who try to switch products. However, this is still an industry in which competition fuels innovation and progress, and many consumers are looking for the â€Å"next big thing.† The iPad is basically a larger version of the iPhone with a more powerful processor, but without phone capabilities. The proposed report will go into more detail concerning the product review’s specificities, its features, and its pros and cons, when there is more textual space allotted to do so. As noted, the market in which Apple operates is very competitive. Currently, it faces stiff competition from Microsoft, Samsung, and other companies. The proposed report will look closely at 3 of Apple’s major competitors, focusing on specific products that are in the same category as the iPad. One objective is to make a link between the iPad and information retrieval, in marketing terms. â€Å"To the extent that the information is made public and transparent, it will make people better informed and able to make better choices. New economy organizations tend to be flat, decentralized, and open to employee initiative† (Kotler, et. al, 2002, p. 4). The establishment of new marketing principles that are not based on rigid Even with increases in communication and technology, Apple shows traditional views about marketing. As Ailloni (1998) states, â€Å"In spite of all the intellectual legerdemain involved in repackaging old terms in

Corporate Finance ------ Analytical report Essay

Corporate Finance ------ Analytical report - Essay Example Let's begin by taking a closer look at the board of governors and what its members do. Together, management and the board of governors have the ultimate goal of maximizing shareholder value. In theory, management looks after the day-to-day operations, and the board ensures that shareholders are adequately represented. But the reality is that many boards are made up of management. The company Adobe Systems Inc., has a good balance between internal and external board members. Other good signs within Adobe Systems are the separation of CEO and chairman roles and an assortment of professional expertise of the board from accountant, attorney and executives. It's boards comprised of the current CEO (who is chairman), the CFO and the COO, along with the retired CEO, etc. This does not necessarily signal that the company is a bad investment, but, as a shareholder, it should question whether or not such a corporate structure is in shareholder best interests. The interaction between Financial Markets and Corporate Governance Corporate governance is merely one feature of the superior framework of macroeconomic policies, global capital, products and labour markets, competition, cultural norms, ethics, tax policy and diverse state regulatory systems. The expansion of global capital markets has shaped the potential for superior access to a bigger investor pool. However, the prime attraction of long-term patient capital, if it is domestic or international, the ability to offer corporate governance systems that are clearly expressed within regulatory and legal frameworks that support contractual and ownership rights. The importance of global capital markets and the governance debate continues to a purely property based regime with private property by which resources are used efficiently in our society. Global Financial markets focuses on the need to protect those property rights under vastly differing legal and political regimes, correlating shareholder protection and developed external capital markets. Capital markets are key to economic development. Economies, particularly in those nation states that are emerging or transitional, need foreign capital to make the investments necessary to generate wealth. Developed market economies also require additional capital to meet product and other market changes, and to ensure that they are globally competitive. Transparency of Corporate Governance Norms Provide Market Information Accounting principles differ from country to country, with differences often reflecting varying business practices, reporting practices and disclosure preferences. For corporate governance to be effective, official regulation of public disclosure will produce company information that is accurate, complete and timely. Interestingly and transparency of corporate governance norms are widely accepted capital market requirement. Disclosure and transparency requirements allow shareholders to monitor the use of their equity capital, enhancing board accountability mechanisms. Institutional investors such as pension funds are increasingly likely to use these transparency guarantees

Ipad Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ipad - Research Paper Example oles anchoring what should be viewed as a continuing process with product development, advertising, and promotional efforts providing the necessary fuel to keep the process in play† (Ailloni, 1998). The iPad is getting a lot of exposure, especially in terms of media product placements. The market in which Apple operates is very competitive. There are high entry barriers and a few established competitors offering similar services. Switching costs have been increasing, because many companies are using long-term contracts with harsh penalties against customers who try to switch products. However, this is still an industry in which competition fuels innovation and progress, and many consumers are looking for the â€Å"next big thing.† The iPad is basically a larger version of the iPhone with a more powerful processor, but without phone capabilities. The proposed report will go into more detail concerning the product review’s specificities, its features, and its pros and cons, when there is more textual space allotted to do so. As noted, the market in which Apple operates is very competitive. Currently, it faces stiff competition from Microsoft, Samsung, and other companies. The proposed report will look closely at 3 of Apple’s major competitors, focusing on specific products that are in the same category as the iPad. One objective is to make a link between the iPad and information retrieval, in marketing terms. â€Å"To the extent that the information is made public and transparent, it will make people better informed and able to make better choices. New economy organizations tend to be flat, decentralized, and open to employee initiative† (Kotler, et. al, 2002, p. 4). The establishment of new marketing principles that are not based on rigid Even with increases in communication and technology, Apple shows traditional views about marketing. As Ailloni (1998) states, â€Å"In spite of all the intellectual legerdemain involved in repackaging old terms in

History of the Catholic Church on the Death Penalty Research Paper

History of the Catholic Church on the Death Penalty - Research Paper Example It is obvious that many within the Catholic church are against the death penalty. But the church as of today has not taken any official stance. History of the Catholic Church on the death penalty Introduction From the beginning there has been a battle within the Catholic Church on whether the Church should support the use of capital punishment or not. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, it seems clear that the church's response should be to support the use of capital punishment, as long as it is done justly and all efforts are made to guarantee that an innocent man or woman is not put to death. Recently, popes and some of the bishops in the United States, have started to campaign against the use of the death penalty. It seems clear that these individuals are not denying the compatibility of capital punishment with Catholic teaching, but instead have just begun to argue against its use for a variety of personal reasons. This paper looks at the history of the Catholic Church on th e death penalty and notes how it has changed over time. Early History The first real testimony against the use of the death penalty can be found in the Montanist works of Tertullian. Tertullian writing sometime between 197 and 207 composed ‘De Idololatria’. In this, Tertullian states in chapter seventeen that even if the servant of God appeals to the power of the state, he should not pronounce capital sentences. Following up on Tertullian, Lactantius writing about 305 to 323, wrote Divinae Institutiones. In this Lactantius states that when God prohibited murder, this also refers to the men who administer the death penalty (Bockle & Pohier 46). Lantantius's position was clear: a man could not even charge or be charged with a capital offense. After Tertullian and Lantantius others began to write on the subject. Felix in his work ‘Octavius V’, written around 225, states that it is wrong for the church to assist in the killing of man, or even to listen to an ac count of it. In the Canons of Hippolytus II, 16, Hippolytus in a more ancient Egyptian tradition states that whoever holds the power of the sword, and the judge who proceeds over capital cases, should renounce their office or be excluded from the catechism (Bockle & Pohier 47). In the same vein, The Council of Elvira in 305 ordered that all the duumvirate magistrates should not enter a church during their years of office, even though they were not required to pronounce capital sentences (Bockle & Pohier 47). The church had a problem here as to how it could support the right of the state to execute the hardened criminal, but deny to those who enforce the law the rights and privileges of the church. Ambrose, a former imperial officer, saw this and in or about the year 385 wrote to the Magistrate Studius about just this issue. In this letter Ambrose stated that ‘Romans 13’ recognizes the state's power to take life, but he also goes on to say that we should imitate Christ i n his forgiveness of the adulteress. In Ambrose's mind he could not find a solution to the church's dilemma. Augustine was to follow Ambrose in his writings in his ‘De Libero Arbitrio’. In this Augustine stated that the death penalty is a commandment of God. However Augustine was to go on to say in the ‘

Snake Venom Effects on the Human Body

Snake Venom Effects on the Human Body Snake venom is adapted saliva that is formed by distinct glands of only certain species of snakes. The gland which secretes the zootoxin is an alteration of the parotid salivary gland of other vertebrates, and is usually located on each side of the head underneath and at the back of the eye, capitalized in a muscular case. It is offered with large alveoli in which the venom is stored before being transported by a vessel to the base of the fang across which it is expelled. Snake venom is a mixture of different enzymes and proteins which many of it not harmless to humans, but some are very toxic. Snake venoms are ordinarily not dangerous once ingested Chemistry: Snake venom involves enzymes, proteins and substances with a cytotoxic, neurotoxic effect and coagulants: Phosphodiesterases are used to affect the targets cardiac system to decrease the blood pressure. Phospholipase A2 lysing the cell membranes of red blood cells leads to hemolysis Snake venom hinders cholinesterase causes loss of muscle control. Hyaluronidase enhances permeability of tissue that boosts the rate of incorporation of other enzymes into the targets cells. Snake venom frequently contains ATPase which promote the hydrolysis of ATP Amino acid oxidases responsible for the yellow color of the venom of some species Some are Neurotoxins: Fasciculins Dendrotoxins ÃŽÂ ±-neurotoxins And other is Cytotoxins: Phospholipases Cardiotoxins Haemotoxins (Snake venom) Uses of snake venom: Hemostasis Snake venom contains molecules with hemostatins (coagulation modifiers) that may be activators or inhibitors of coagulation process and some are basis for hemostasis tests Such as Prothrombin Activators which are the best considered snake venom hemostatins. They are presently termed according to the taxonomic name of the snake of origin and advanced classification according to their cofactor condition Group Snake Uses Group A (no cofactor requirement) Echis Carinatus Ecarin A Group B (requires calcium) Echis Carinatus Carinactivase B Group C (requires calcium and phospholipid) Pseudonaja textilis Oxyuranus scutellatus Pseutarin C Oscutarin C Group D (requires calcium and phospholipids and Factor Va) Pseudonaja textilis Pseutarin D Less Common Uses: Thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLE) snake venom is used for fibrinogen breakdown assay and for the fibrinogen dysfunction detection. SVTLE are not repressed by heparin and therefore used for assaying antithrombin in heparin-containing testers. (Snake venom uses) Effect of Snake Venom on Human Body When human is bitten with hemotoxic venom by a snake, the venom decrease blood pressure and increase blood clotting. The venom also hits the heart muscle may causing death. Cytotoxic venom causing death of tissues. Many cytotoxic types of venom also extent through the body increasing permeability of muscle cells. Neurotoxic venom interrupts brain function and nervous system it produces paralysis or deficiency of muscle control. Some animals have normal protection to snake venom, and immune bodies can be brought through cautious applications of managed venom; this technique is used to make the anti-venom treatments. (Effect of Snake Venom) Types of snake venom As mentioned, snake venom is modified saliva which contains a variety of proteins and enzymes. Not all snake venoms are dangerous to humans as they contain phosphodiesterase, cholinesterase, hyalurinodase, ATPase. The venom is a clear, limpid fluid of a pale straw or amber colour, or it can be greenish, but very rarely and sometimes with a certain amount of suspended matter. The snake venoms that exist are categorized into several types such as hemotoxic venoms, neurotoxic venoms, cytotoxic venoms and myotoxic venoms. These venoms will be discussed in the next few paragraphs. 1-neurotoxics One of the major families of snake venom is the neurotoxins venoms; which means its the venom which attacks the central nervous system and brain. What happens when a snake bites? An exchange of ions across the nerve cell membrane sends a depolarising current towards the end of the nerve cell. When the depolarising current arrives at the nerve cell terminus, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine  (ACh), which is held in vesicles, is released into the space between the two nerves (synapse). It moves across the synapse to the postsynaptic receptors. If ACh remains at the receptor, the nerve stays stimulated, causing incontrollable muscle contractions. This condition is called tetany. So an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase destroys the ACh so tetany does not occur. It is subdivided into three groups: Fasciculins, dendrotoxins and ÃŽÂ ±-neurotoxins. 1) Fasciculins: These toxins attack cholinergic neurons (those that use ACh as a transmitter) by destroying acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ACh therefore cannot be broken down and stays in the receptor. This causes tetany, which can lead to death. Snake example:  Black Mamba 2)  Dendrotoxins: Dendrotoxins inhibit neurotransmissions by blocking the exchange of + and ions across the neuronal membrane ==> no nerve impulse. So it paralyses the nerves. Snake example:  Mambas 3) ÃŽÂ ±-neurotoxins: ÃŽÂ ±-neurotoxins also attack cholinergic neurons. They mimic the shape of the acetylcholine molecule and therefore fit into the receptors † Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ they block the ACh flow † Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ feeling of numbness and paralysis. Snake examples: 1-  Kraits  use erabutoxin (the  Many-banded krait  uses  Bungarotoxin) 2-  Cobras  use  cobratoxin. They often result in respiratory paralysis and heart failures. Their effect can range between mild seizures to death. Cobras, mambas,  sea snakes, kraits and  coral snakes  are known to possess this venom. The  king cobras (ophiophagus hannah) are the most infamous carriers of this venom. Neurotoxic venom is essentially nerve destroying. Hence, one can see speech and swallowing difficulties, drooling, difficulty in breathing, respiratory arrests, convulsions and sometimes even prolonged unconsciousness in the victims. The milder symptoms are dizziness, tunnel vision, blurred vision and increased sweating. This venom causes a very fast degeneration of the synaptic nerves and this is the reason for the blockage of nerve impulses sent to and from the brain to the muscles. 2- Cytotoxics 1)  Phospholipases: Phospholipase is an enzyme that transforms the phospholipid molecule into a lysophospholipid (soap) ==> the new molecule attracts and binds fat and rips a hole in the cell membrane. Consequently water flows into the cell and destroys the molecules in it. That is called necrosis. Snake example: The Japanese Habu snakes (low toxicity) 2)  Cardiotoxins: Actually cardiotoxins are muscle venoms. They bind to particular sites on the surface of muscle cells causing depolarisation ==> the toxin prevents muscle contraction. For example the heart muscle: the heart will beat irregularly and stop beating, which will cause death. Snake example:  King Cobra  and some other cobras 3)  Haemotoxins: The toxin destroys red blood cells (erythrocytes). This symptom is called haemolysis. As it is very slowly progressing venom it would probably not kill a human another toxin in the snakes venom would most certainly have caused death by then. Snake example: most  Vipers  and the members of  Naja  genus This is milder venom that generally causes only localized symptoms at the location of the bite. This is a cell destroying venom that destroys everything in its path blood vessels, cells and tissues. The symptoms of the invasion of this venom are generally seen around 10-15 minutes after the snake encounter (I meant bite, not the spotting). The results are generally localized pain accompanied by severe swelling and bleeding. One can easily spot the formation of red blisters near the bite area. This venom causes blue/black spotting due to limited blood circulation. The body often revolts against the invasion of this venom by causing nausea and vomiting. If this venom is not treated within four hours, it generally needs an amputation. Puff adders (bitis arietans) are the snakes to be avoided if one is pain phobic. 3-hemotoxic venoms They are toxins that destroy red blood cells, disrupt  blood  clotting, and/or cause  organ  degeneration and generalized  tissuedamage. The term  hemotoxin  is to some degree a  misnomer  since toxins that damage the blood also damage other tissues. Injury from a hemotoxic agent is often very painful and can cause permanent damage. Loss of an affected limb is possible even with prompt treatment. Hemotoxins are frequently employed by  venomous  animals, including  pit vipers. Animal venoms contain  enzymes  and other  proteins  that are hemotoxic or  neurotoxic  or occasionally both (as in the  Mojave Rattlesnake, the  Japanese mamushi,  and similar species). In addition to killing the prey, part of the function of hemotoxic venom for some animals is to aid digestion. The venom breaks down protein in the region of the bite, making prey easier to digest. The process by which a hemotoxin causes death is much slower than that of a  neurotoxin. Snakes which envenomate a prey animal may have to track the prey as it flees. Typically, a mammalian prey item will stop fleeing not because of death, but due to shock caused by the venomous  bite. This venom causes the poisoning of blood and affects the blood clotting mechanism to such a grave extent, that the victim can die of internal bleeding. Usually, neither pain nor any other symptoms can be observed for almost 1-3 hours (sometimes even 8). This makes it deadlier, as the victim is usually beyond medical help, by the time the cause is even ascertained. The effects of this venom can be seen as lethargy, headaches, nausea, vomiting, etc. The most scary observations of the outcome of a snake bite of this kind are bruising or blood spots beneath the victims skin. In extremely bad cases, blood is known to ooze out from all possible bodily openings. It is these venoms that usually cause exces sive (and hideous) scarring, gangrene and permanent or temporary loss of motor skills. Worst cases can even result in the amputation of the affected limb.  Dependent upon species, size, location of bite and the amount of venom injected, symptoms in humans such as nausea, disorientation, and headache may be delayed for several hours. Hemotoxins are used in  diagnostic  studies of the  coagulation  system.  Lupus anticoagulans  is detected by changes in the  dilute Russells viper venom time  (DRVVT), which is a  laboratoryassay based on-as its name indicates-venom of the  Russells viper. 4-myotoxic This venom is found in the bothrops moojeni snakes, commonly known as the Brazillian lancehead snakes. This venom is known to cause muscular necrosis. Its symptoms are a thickened-tongue sensation, dry throat, thirst, muscular spasms and convulsions. It also causes the stiffness of the jaw, neck, trunk and limbs along with severe pain in movement. The victims often start with drooping eyelids and then turn to more austere results like loss of breath and blackish brown urine discharge. Myotoxic venom contains peptides that destroy the muscle fiber proteins and result in myonecrosis (muscle destruction). In the very later stages (when treatment is delayed) of the spread of this venom, the muscle proteins enter the blood stream. The kidney overworks in trying to filter out this junk and often gives up trying. This kidney failure is the reason for the dark coloration of urine. Signs symptoms of snake venom: There is a variable symptom of snake venom poisoning, depending on the following criteria: Snake size and species. The quantity and degree of toxicity of the injected venom. The location of bite (As it is far away from the head and trunk, it will be less dangerous) The age of the person (since very old and very young people are in much more risk) The person with medical problems. Pit Vipers: Most pit vipers Bites cause pain immediately and usually within 20 to 30 minutes redness and swelling will occur. This bite can affect the whole leg or arm within hours. When the rattlesnake bites, it causes feeling of tingling and numbness in fingers or toes or around the mouth, also it causes metallic taste in the mouth. There are other symptoms including: Fever, chills, sweating, general weakness, confusion, anxiety, nausea and vomiting. Terror rather than venom itself causes some of these symptoms. After Mojave rattlesnake bites breathing difficulties can be developed. Also people could get a dry mouth, a headache, blurred vision, and drooping eyelids. In case of moderate or severe pit viper poisoning usually leads to bruise of the skin after 3 to 6 hours of the bite. The area surrounding the bite appears discolored, tight and it may contain bloody blisters. Unless treatment occurs, tissue of the bite could be destroyed. Bleeding gums may occur, and blood may be present in the persons vomit, stools, and urine. Coral Snakes: its bite may cause little or no rapidly pain and swelling. Severe symptoms may occur after several hours. The skin surrounding the bite could be tingle, and muscles almost become weak. Sometimes severe general weakness and Muscle incoordination occur. Other symptoms may include drowsinss, confusion, increase saliva production, blurred vision, double vision, and difficulties in swallowing speech. Also breathing problems may be present. Coral Snake Management of snake venom toxicity: Self-Care at Home: The patient needs tetanus shot if he has not had one within 5 years. Examine the wound for dirt or broken teeth. Person must get away from the snake to stop a second bite as snakes can continue biting and inject venom with continuous bites until they finish venom Remove squeezing items from the victim (like rings or other jewelry) which could take away blood flow if the bite spot swells. Using mechanical suction is not recommended as it does not remove any considerable amount of venom, and it increase damage of the tissue. Precautions: Victim must not cut into the bite spot can cause damage underlying tissues, also increase infection risk, and does not remove venom. Victim must not use ice because ice does not disable the venom effect and can result in frostbite. Victim must not use alcohol as alcohol can decrease the pain; however it dilates the local blood vessels that increase absorption of venom. Victim must not use bandages or narrowing bands these may increase damage of tissue. (Snakebite Treatment) The lymphatic system is responsible for spread of venoms. This spread can be reduced by the use of a safe bandage over a crumpled pad located over the bitten area. The firm should not be constricted that it stops blood flow. Bandage immediately over the bite area. A pressure bandage should be applied on bite area if it anywhere in body such as trunk. Special bites as in the head, neck, and back should apply a firm pressure locally if achievable. Medical treatment: Aid breathing, airway and circulation If respiration failed ventilate with 100% Oxygen Antivenom is given immediately Adrenaline intravenous should be given only for serious hypotension or anaphylaxis and cerebral hemorrhage the patient must be well hydrated to decrease the threat of acute renal failure Repeat blood tests, ECG, at clinically related breaks Abnormal coagulation must be corrected; watch for spread intravascular coagulation, heparin contra-indicated in DIC from snake bite Hypotension must be monitored Recommended for Tetanus prophylaxis Antivenom: Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent (ACP) equine (horse)-derived antivenin was the standard treatment in emergency departments. (Snakebite Treatment) Antivenoms are set from horse serum. The anaphylaxis risk is low but is increased in people who exposure to horses, horsey tetanus vaccines, and allergic history. It is recommended to pre-treatment with non-sedating anti-histamine (promethazine), subcutaneous, and intravenous steroids (hydrocortisone). (Chris Thompson) Antivenin is administered either through the veins or injected into muscle and works by neutralizing snake venom that has entered the body (Vincent Iannelli) Examples: Crotalidae polyvalent immune FAB (ovine): Mixed monospecific used as Crotalid bites antivenom. Accustomed to neutralize snakebite toxins it decrease tissue damage and need for fasciotomy deprived of allergic effects. (Brian James Daley) Antibiotics Antibiotics are given in hospital for severe conditions. Though, antibiotic prophylaxis is suggested such as Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) a Third-generation cephalosporin has wide-spectrum gram-negative action, it hinders bacterial growth by binding to penicillin-binding proteins. (Brian James Daley) Emergency Department Care: 1- Treatment consists of revising the ABCs and assessing the patient for marks of shock such as: Tachypnea Tachycardia Dry pale skin Mental status changes Hypotension 2- To decide the need for antivenin in victims envenomation grading is classified as: Mild envenomation: Characterized by there is no systemic toxicity signs, edema, local pain and laboratory values are normal. Moderate envenomation: Characterized by: Serious local pain Edema more than 12 inches nearby the wound Systemic toxicity involving nausea and vomiting Alterations in laboratory values such as the decrease in hematocrit and platelet count Severe envenomation: Characterized by: generalized petechiae Ecchymosis (subcutaneous purpura larger than 1 centimeter or a hematoma) Sputum with blood, hypotension, renal dysfunction, and abnormal results significant for consumptive coagulopathy. 3- Antivenin is given for patient that exhibits within 12 hours of the bite in spite of local or systemic symptoms. Neurotoxicity may progress unexpectedly and causes respiratory failure. (Brian James Daley) 4- antigen-binding fragment antivenom (FabAV) aids regulate local tissue effects and hemotoxicity, insistent antivenom treatment does not usually improve effects of neurotoxicity such as myokymia (which is impulsive, sufficient fascicular contractions of muscle without atrophy. The physician must keep continuous checking of myokymia patients mainly of the chest, diaphragm and shoulders to avoid progress of respiratory failure. (Brian James Daley) 5- Surgical treatment aims on the site of injury: Fasciotomy is specified only for patients with raised partition pressure. Liberal checking of compartment pressure is necessary. If not accessible, apply the physical seal of compartment hypertension, accompanied by distal pallor, paresthesia, or for the clinical valuation. Injury of tissue after compartment condition is not revocable but can be prevented. (Brian James Daley)

Essay --

Sleep: Why We Need It or Do We? There are many different philosophies on how much sleep the body needs or doesn’t need. Sleep has been said to be the body’s way of refueling. It allows the body to restore its mental energy (msnbc.com). The question is how much sleep does the body truly need to function? One theory pertaining to sleep is that if your body has a lack of sleep it would just adapt to less sleep. Sleep deprivation can cause us to lose our agility, cognitive, and immune responses. There is no explanation as to why people sleep an average of eight hours each night (msnbc.com). Scientists are still exploring the bodies need for sleep, depths of sleep, typical sleep patterns, the negative impact a lack of sleep can cause, if age and schedules of people affect it, and to what degree does it affect the functions of the nervous system. Sleep deprivation has been a major factor in some of the biggest disasters in history. The notable ones are the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear meltdown, and the 1979 Nuclear accident at Three Mile Island (Peri). Drowsiness is also a leading cause of accidents according to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. They estimate that nearly 100,000 automobile accidents and 1,550 crash-related deaths occur each year in the United States (Peri). Some work related injuries are also cause by a poor quality of sleep. There are many other negative factors that are related to sleep deprivation. It is estimated that 90% of people who suffer from insomnia also suffer from other medical issues. People who Gautier 2 suffer from sleep disorders are at a higher risk for high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, irregular heartbeat, heart failure, heart attack and h... ...stems. The researchers have found a connection between lack of sleep and obesity in adults and children. Reduced levels of leptin, a hormone that is produced by an adipose tissue hormone, cause the body to not suppress the appetite (Colten). In conclusion, scientists have discovered that the body is negatively impacted from a lack of sleep. Human bodies need sleep to restore and maintain its cognitive process, bodily functions, overall health and well being. The body has to have all depths of sleep in order to function properly. Sleep deprivation can cause serious health issues such as heart disease, lower sex drive, obesity, and heart attack. Age is a factor in how many quality hours we require throughout our lifetime. Scientists continue to discover more information every day on how our sleep can impact the body, mental state, and overall happiness.

Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

American dream promises equal opportunity to pursuit one’s happiness, personal wellbeing, and reward for all those Americans and immigrants who endure, overcome, and ultimately prevail hardships. However during the era of American Industrialization, many people were exploited and forced to work or else face starvation. New inventions increased the rate of production and the efficiency of the workers, thus greatly increasing profit. Success of capitalism further promoted continuation of exploitations lead on by few rich that are influential. American Industrialization had a negative effect on many groups of people, who were pursuing the great American Dream, and yet oppressed by selfish, greed driven upper class. With the introduction of the machinery, factory owners no longer needed â€Å"skilled† craft workers for production of factory goods. The machines performed faster, better and with more reliability. At most jobs in factories required neither great strength no sp ecial skills any more. The owners thought women could do the work just as well as or better than men. In addition, they were more â€Å"docile† and â€Å"compliant†. Therefore, many women workers were hired during the progressivism era. Even though the wage was low, working hours were long and working condition was less than satisfactory, these women had no choice but to work, for they need to support their family. The tale of Rose Stokes is a good example. The factory owners were getting richer and richer, by cutting wages, and providing less compensation for his workers. Many times, women went on strike to protest the wage cut and hour increase. Nevertheless, it proved useless, because of the rapid influx of poor immigrants arriving into United States from Europe: to earn a living, these immigrants were willing to accept even lower wages and poorer working conditions. Women in America did not have the right to vote until the year 1920. If women fought harder for thei r right to vote and gained suffrage earlier, I believe that women would have had a louder voice in the society, in turn better raise awareness of the exploitation and demand better treatment. In colonial America, most manufacturing was done by hand at home. Relationships between the employer and workers were generally harmonious. They worked side by side, shared the same interest and held similar political views. However during the era of American Industrialization, as towns grew in cities, the demand for manufactured goods increased. Employers no longer worked with his employees.

Impacts of Immigrants in Belize

Immigrants are generally understood to be persons who leave their country to settle in another counter usually for permanent residence. These people are sometimes referred to as aliens; these are persons who do not owe allegiance to their country. Allegiance is a form of fidelity said to be shown by the part of a citizen to his/her state. In contrast if the immigrant does not owe allegiance to his/her country and that person violate rules, laws, policies or customs of a foreign country then this person is known as an illegal alien. The role of immigrants has for a long time created significant interest among policy makers. Issues concerning the amount of immigrants allowed to enter a country have risen. The mostly known nation of immigration is the U. S. but as Belizeans leave in search for â€Å"a decent living† in the U. S. , many other Central American immigrants enter Belize. Many people migrate for many reasons for example to join family members who have migrated in past years, to search for economic opportunities, to escape maltreatment or sometimes for the simple reason that they want a fresh start. Immigrants/immigration, have been a controversy within Belizean societies over the past years where economic growth created by some of these immigrant populations, is linked to the growing aspect of crime, invasion as opposed to population stabilization and Native employment to self employment. Do immigrants take away the jobs of Belizeans? Many times when natives are asked for reasons for their unemployment, they respond by saying that people that are entering the country have been taking their jobs. This view of immigrants has increased because of the success in the economic sector. When immigrants enter the country, they come entrepreneurially meaning the lack the experience to be employed. This means that the do not possess the expertise to own a business to employ people. Therefore they self employ themselves. Producing small amounts of goods for their daily survival. Belize is known to be a third world country, therefore; this small country is growing economically. Belize is a small country with a small population; therefore we are impacted in some way or the other with immigrants. The term immigrants mean foreigners coming from outside countries to reside in our society. We really do not know who they are and what their intentions are to live in Belize. That is why it is important to learn why they decide to live in our country other than theirs. Such in the case of the Mennonites for example, where they aid Belize in the agriculture field; they produce many or most of Belize’s vegetables. Over the past years they have extended their efforts to export goods to foreign countries and with agreement with the government, some of the income generated stay for the government of Belize. Therefore these Mennonites have become an integral part of our society. If the Mennonites were not around, where would all the chickens come from that are consumed today and the agricultural goods such as corn, vegetables, eggs, compost, etc. They have taken and wisely created a link between their farming and sustainably using their land. Their expertise is second to none here in Belize, so we are very thankful for them. According to Roessingh â€Å"the Mennonites have made a very positive contribution to Belize, mainly in the agricultural field and are responsible for a large portion of the products available in Belize. They have what is called a Calvinistic work ethic which says that hard work and frugality is the key to success and leading a good life† (110). Furthermore another group of peole that are vital to societies throughout Belize is the Asian community. These people have successfully opened grocery stores, supermarkets and restaurants in every urban area of Belize, and even in some rural ones. Their propensity for obtaining goods at lower prices means that a lot of items that are considered necessities are affordable. On top of that their conveniently located stores make them essential for the many little small purchases that are conducted daily. Their fast-food restaurants are essential to many Belizean in the way that many people have to get to work early in the morning so these restaurants is the easiest and most common way to access daily meals. Some of the more affordable fast-foods today provided by the Chinese is their fried-chicken and chow-mien and burgers to name a few. For a relatively small sum, one can purchase a full meal that can feed the entire family. Many perceptions of these immigrants have been coming to light over the past years. Perceptions such like people saying that these Asians for example, are making the most money. Some xenophobic individuals or groups in Belize constantly rail against, or in some cases, commit violence against these ethnic groups, particularly those who are dominant in the economic sectors, or those who seem to be taking all the positions of gainful employment; point in case, the recent murders of two female Chinese merchants (Channel 5 Belize). This caused these communities to close their shops for a whole day in respect for their lost one. What did this lead to? In Belmopan for example, most of the supermarkets and stores belong to Asian communities and there was a difficulty in getting goods purchasing merchandise. What would happen if these people close down their stores? So these Belizeans commit crime against these people without knowing the fact that we cannot survive without these populations of immigrants. According to Belize Report volume 5, number 1. Feb. 1999, each immigrant must have a work permit for them to get a job. Why? It is because in the past when they came into Belize they were able to get a job in almost any filed of work. Also, it has created poverty. It is common sense that without a job there is no source of income maintained in a household. This causes a stress on the man in the house because he will not know how to bring food to his families. On the other hand, others who have a job may not have the sufficient income to pay off debts. Immigrants are also satisfied with low income employment. They really do not care about what type of jobs they have or how much they are paid. Once they have a job, they feel good. Does this affect Belizeans on a whole? Many may say that they are taking the jobs of Belizeans but I the income generated by a job is low, why pay a high rates. Many Belizeans are uneducated unaware and uninformed and they will always want to receive more in anything they do. This phenomenon has been going on for years and because of their selfishness they always think that immigrants are taking their jobs . (â€Å"Jobs† Immigration Policy Issues May 2010. March 2011. ). Searching for jobs is one of the aspects of immigration but is there always benefit with people coming in our country? It has been proven that some immigrants bring along some form of crime. From where do you think most gangs originated in the country of Belize? There are gangs under the name of ‘Bloods’, Crips, ‘Mara Salvatrucha’, and so forth. All these gangs have been heard of in our daily news cast. This type of immigration does affect in a way that harms our Belizean people. A perfect example is â€Å"Ontario Village at mile 55 on the Western Highway has been known in the recent past for outbreaks in gang activity. One of those incidents caused Justin Jones to relocate in order to avoid further trouble with fellow village youths† (â€Å"Two Murders Before The New Year† The Belize Times 9 Jan. 2011: Print. ). Our young people are now joining these gangs and participate in more serious acts. How will our country prosper if our young people continue behaving this way? This is not good at all. We need to do something for this to change. Crime has also decreased tourism; many tourists who come for vacations are murdered in our country (â€Å"Crime† Travel Report Belize 24 Feb. 2011. 28 Mar. 2011. < http://www. voyage. gc. ca/countries_pays/report_rapport-eng. asp? id=29000>). We for example would be afraid to be walking in the streets and know that we can be robbed or killed by such criminals. Many of these immigrants are involved in crimes such as machete fights, robberies, to name a few and these are increasing as days go by. Many Belizeans that have been a suspect to these persons have received serious injuries such as gunshot wounds and stab wounds. Today the main immigrants who are involved in crimes, include these Guatemalans that enter our country to extract goods from Belize’s forest. Armed robberies at archaeological sites, protected areas and frequented areas by visitors have been of concern over several years now. According to the Travel State. Gov, On February10, 2009, four American and two Canadian tourists accompanied by two Belizean tour guides were the victims of a robbery outside Rio Frio Cave in the Mountain Pine Ridge area. On September 15, 2009, two tourists at the Blue Hole National Park were robbed by two men wearing masks and carrying knives. In 1987, businesses that hired immigrant workers were penalized because it was discovered that majority of the immigrants were involved in a lot of crime. During that time, most of the crime was focused on the northern part of Belize (â€Å"Belize Crime† 4Nov. 2010. The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Fact book 28 Mar. 2011. ). These crime incidents that occur against people mostly occur with illegals. They are still referred to as immigrants but they are now illegal aliens. These are the ones that cause the perception that all immigrants a detrimental to our country. Belizeans views it only in one way without thinking the benefit they get. This causes some conflict where they now feel like immigrant are invading the country. This now leads to Belizeans leaving the country. Does it negatively or positively affect the country? As people migrate into Belize, people move out. We in turn become immigrants in other countries. This has shown that in some form, as Belizeans go out of the country, people migrate in this stabilizes the population of the country. Population growth is an underlying cause that affects every single country around the world. According to the Expat World book, Belize is under populated. This means that if there were not people who migrated day by day, there would be a dramatic rate of under population according to the holding capacity of the country. So immigration has helped stabilize the trend and a steady increase other than a dramatic increase of population has occurred. After investigating the risks of emigrating and safety of migrating, it is concluded that it doesn’t matter at which side of the door Belizeans are, the dangers are unavoidable. Whether people choose to support in giving immigrants space and encouraging them to becoming active parts in Belizean society or if they think that immigrants must be eliminated from the country, the negative impacts will be the same. It is a phenomenon that will be in place for ever and cannot be stopped. It is not we support in opening borders in any country, it is just that no matter what the circumstances is immigration will occur and there is nothing to do to stop it. No matter how bias Belizeans are. However, in the same aspect that Belizeans migrate to other countries and others come in to Belize these people deserve to live without fear, raise their children in a safe environment and be accepted as citizen; the same way we Belizeans want to be treated abroad. The question that is asked is, â€Å"do these immigrants harm Belizean societies? † in turn deserves to be answered. On one point of view, immigrants do pose some kind of threat in some societies. For example threats to security and place the future at risk. But, this can happen if we natives permit it. On the other hand, immigrants fill job spaces that many in Belize don’t want to take. In turn they work for lesser income than other Belizeans, later on adopt and adapt themselves to customs of Belize. Yes it is believed that immigrants cause harm to Belize in some ways, but the question to be asked instead of the previously mentioned is, do the negative impacts outweigh the positive impacts that immigrant’s presence bring to Belize? With supporting evidence mention in previous sections, it is concluded that yes immigrants cause some harm in some sectors but they bring better than harm.

PEST Analysis of Proton Essay

1.0 Introduction: PEST is a study which is apprehensive by describing the exterior of ecological manipulates on a company. The abbreviation locates for the Political, Economic, Social and Technological matters with the intention of may perhaps influence the tactical growth of a company (ESCAP 2009). Here I choose a business organization which is PROTON to classify PEST which manipulates a helpful technique of abbreviation the exterior surroundings in which this business functions. Nevertheless, it has to exist trailed up through thoughtfulness of how this company ought to react towards these pressures. The purpose of this document is towards the center of attention on the matter of proton within conditions of confronting dissimilar quandaries within the Malaysia as well as worldwide automotive business (ESCAP 2009). 2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY: 2.1 Introduction The automotive business in local is regard as solitary of the majority essential as well as important tactical businesses within the developed region. Malaysia is mainly a traveler concern market and the trade is well thought-out as a national market-directed. The most important cause why traveler concern market is well-known within the nation is for the reason that of the financial position of the nation (www.proton.com). 2.2 Company History It all started in 1979. Malaysia’s Minister of Modernization, Tun Mahathir Mohamad, debated the thought of launching an automotive gathering as well as developed business in our nation. On May 7, 1983, the vision was rewarded after PROTON was formally integrated (www.proton.com). Furthermore, on July 9, 1985, their initial replica, the Proton Saga was commercially begun. In the beginning, every one of the mechanisms of the vehicle was totally man-made through Mitsubishi, but the local element has been able to be used, as technologies were transported as well as capacities were enlarged (Frost  & Sullivan 2002). The symbol of the vehicle was distorted as of the Malaysia’s coat of arms as well as a fourteen-pointed star to a stylized tiger head. It represents PROTON’s administration method as well as industry term, even as its potency is replicated in each and every PROTON products (Histomobile. n.d). 2.3 Products and Services They created their 1 millionth car in the year 1996. This accomplishment was marketed through more than a few important novel replica begins consist of the Proton Tiara, Proton Wira 2.0 Diesel as well as the two-door Proton Putra, additionally to their obtaining arrangement of the Proton Wira, Proton Satria as well as Proton Perdana. In the next ten years, they continue to plan and produce an innovative variety of replicas consist of the Proton Waja, Proton Juara, Proton Arena, Proton Gen 2, Proton Savvy, Proton Persona, Proton Innova as well as Proton Preve (www.proton.com). Furthermore, we produced new invention replicas consist of the novel Saga, Waja CPS, Gen 2 CPS as well as the Persona Special Edition. Nowadays they are persistently looking for improvement that makes PROTON as a product that includes not just manufacturing the best vehicles, but accepting the principles that arrives with it (www.proton.com). 3.0 Introduction of PEST Analysis: 3.1 Political Governmental agencies are essentially to what rank the authority interfere in the austerity. These issues explain about official and non official regulation which their aggregation must be attached to. Accurately, constitutional causes accommodate field such as taxation administration, employment constitution, ecology classification, export sanctions, expense, and domestic assurance (Businessballs.com). General agency may also accommodate effects and applicability which the general wants to arrange or be arranged and those that authority does not want to be arranged. Additionally, authorities accept excessive agency on the fitness, edification and root of a democracy (pestleanalysis.com). 3.2 Economy Effectual agency accommodate effectual advance, annual percentage rate, currency exchange rates, commission levels, lasting advance anticipation of a provincial, bankruptcy, career chain, GNP trend-sand, extension amount and health possibility and cost. These factors have major impacts on how business operate and make decision. For excuse bank rate alter a compact’s amount of dominant and consequently to what area business grows and aggrandize. Currency exchange rates change the amount of shipping stuff and the accumulation and cost of intention stuff in an austerity (pestleanalysis.com). 3.3 Social Social issues include beliefs, attitudes, language, gender roles as well as religion. Not just that, it also consist of the cultural features as well as including of health awareness, residents demographics, age distribution, profession manners, profits distribution, consumerism, stage of education as well as importance on protection. Tendency in societal issues influence the demand for a business’s goods along with how that business operates. For instance, businesses might alter a variety of administration tactics to adapt to these social tendencies (Businessballs.com). 3.4 Technological Technological issues regard as the progression in technology as well as the latent in the market. Technological issues consist of technological features for instance R&D action, mechanization, technology inducements as well as the rate of technological alters. They could establish obstacles to entry, minimum well-organized invention rank as well as manipulates outsourcing conclusion. Moreover, technological shifts could influence prices, values as well as guide to novelty (pestleanalysis.com). 4.0 Relate Framework to Organization: 4.1 Political Component The existence of AFTA otherwise ASEAN Free Trade Area is one of the vital issues to think about. Presently, the majority of ASEAN district are gratis  deal otherwise 96% of the whole ASEAN deal. AFTA was well-known in January of 1992 in categorize to eradicate tax barriers amongst the Southeast Asian states. It intended to decrease taxes in 15 years amongst the six states during an ordinary effectual special tax since Malaysia has two nationwide vehicle creators which are Proton as well as Perodua plus the government requests to defend their benefits. Sadly, the supposed growth might verify to be a provisional key. There is a large opportunity to facilitate the local market will be ruled through importation vehicles if we are about to ensure on the elevated advertising costs of the nationwide vehicles of Malaysia for the reason that of high invention prices as well as be short of merchant effectiveness. Thus, there will be raise in the quantity of the cars on the road as well as there will be accumulation of used vehicles in the market, for the reason that citizens will be likely to deal their vehicles for lower prices as well as importation products. Furthermore, the factor concerning the surroundings is very important since it is regard as one of the majority converse in relation to subject in the earth. Besides, the ecological instruction in Malaysia is able to be copied back through the colonialism of British which begun the ecological principles regarding the mineral as well as agricultural possessions to Europe. 4.2 Economy Component The automobile sales in the country is expected to fall by 12.4% due to dissimilar financial feature, the issue of global financial crisis which exaggerated the local economic position of the state in 2009. The administration of the state is looking for a slower financial enlargement for the state which can influence the buying attitude of the clients. Moreover, AFTA had enlarged the competition which will affect the presentation of Proton. Nevertheless, the presentation of the automobile business will be preserved as well as managed due to the large sum labor force. In addition, the unemployment rate was only 3.5%, which illustrates an approximately full employment in spite of the slower financial growth in 2003. 4.3 Social Component The rising inhabitants in the state can influence the automobile business. The state has a sum of 27.5 million people in the year 2008 which has the ability to give a larger amount of markets. Furthermore, the fraction of vehicle possession in the state is fairly high which indicates that citizens are taking into consideration vehicles are as main stuffs in their lives. Customers are anticipated to defer buying diverse motor vehicle for the reason that of the employment market hesitatingly for the reason that of the worldwide and local economic disaster. The rising facts as well as performance of the citizens concerning diverse ecological factors is an extra issue to think about. The collision of the illustration to the faithfulness of the client is another factor. 4.4 Technology Component The vital issue in the automotive business is technology. The growth in technology is rising as well as impacting the presentation as well as arrangement of all the business in the automobile business because of the rising competition. Moreover, it is also vital to reflect on the development of technology, mutually among the development and ability of developing. This is for the reason that it could influence the novelty procedure of any business. Intellectual property is well thought-out as a precursor of legitimacy as well as exclusiveness is an additional vital issue. By reason of the dissimilar technologies, mainly the assist of PC as well as the internet, the possible for novelty and improvement is rising. 5.0 Conclusion: 5.1 Summary of Analysis Proton was regard as the nationwide vehicle producer of Malaysia as well as regard as the most important competitor within the business. Nevertheless because of the dissimilar issues, mainly the accomplishment of AFTA, the auctions as well as market share of the business refuse (Ghani & Zainuddin 2008). However, because of the constant backup of the administration, plus the constant arrangement of the business in the market, it could be alleged so as to the business botched to focal point on the vital feature of a business consecutively to preserve competitor advantage as well as that is novelty (BuildBoard n.d). Consecutively to resolve the recent circumstances  of the business, it will be vital to focal point on novelty or R&D procedure. This may perhaps be completed by centering on relating latest IT or IS in the direction of accelerating the procedure of scheming (BuildBoard n.d). References: 1. www.proton.com 2. Ghani, K.,Zainuddin, Y.,Fereidouni, H. G. & Ziaee, A. (2008). ‘AFTA: Effect on Malaysian Economy’. Journal of Management and Social Sciences. Vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 134 – 141. 3. Hax, A & Wilde II, D. (2003). ‘The Delta Model – A New Framework of Strategy’. Journal of Strategic Management Education, vol. 1, no. 1. 4. www.slideshare.net/mandalina/marketing-plan-proton 5. PEST analysis method and examples, Businessballs.com. 6. Howard Thomas, (2007) â€Å"An analysis of the environment and competitive dynamics of management education†, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 26 Iss: 1, pp.9 – 21. 7. Atul Gupta, Jason C. McDaniel, S. Kanthi Herath, (2005) â€Å"Quality management in service firms: sustaining structures of total quality service†, Managing Service Quality, Vol. 15 Iss: 4, pp.389 – 402. 8. www.proton-edar.com.my/ Home / About-Us aspx 9. George O. K’Aol, Francis Wambalaba, â€Å"Homegrown Kenya: the horticultural industry under fire on CSR†, Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies Collection, (2011). 10. 12Manage. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis. Available from: http://www.12manage.com/. [25th March 2009] 11. Frost & Sullivan (2002). The impact of AFTA on the ASEAN Automotive Industry. 12. Nijssen, E. J. & Frambach, R. (2000). Creating Customer Value Through Strategic Marketing Planning: A Management Approach. Springer. 13. ESCAP (2009). V. Malaysia. Available from: http://www.unescap.org/tid/publication/part_two2223_mal.pdf. [Accessed 24th 2009].