Profile of Reverand John Hale in Arthur Millers The Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

The tragic tale of the Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts was re-written by Arthur Miller in the form of the play The Crucible. The trials curb been studied to figure away what re each(prenominal)y happened, but no one will ever know since it happened decades ago. The play is the closest reenactment we have to help us see how people could have reacted to life. The Crucible shows how using others as a cushion to keep from being punished can go extremely bad. Amidst all the chaos a man by the name Reverend John Hale came to help but ended up with making it a vast amount worse.Mr. Hale as they refer to him in the play, started out as a student at Harvard College and graduated in 1657. Ten years later on he was ordained as a minister of the Parish Church in Beverly, Mass on September 20th 1667. He was the first minister of this church service from what I read. A few years past and Hale was called to the Village of Salem to rid its streets of witches and witchcraft. His degree and ch urch background make Mr. Hale the surmount candidate to earn peoples trust, and use it to make the investigation advantage. Mr. Hales trip to Salem solely took place so he could just if the girls sickness had to do with witchcraft. The manner at which he approached it doomed it from the start, he came in the middle of the chaos with the attitude that he could just vex everything with his books. His stubbornness to look at the situation from another point of view collided with the small towns fear. This presence seemed to confirm their fear that the devil was already present. Salem was small enough where every one knew everyone and where he or she lived and worked. Word can spread fast and people became determined to stamp out the evil in their town.As the accusations started fueling Hales fire to find witchcraft other girls started acting like they were helping Salem. When all the girls started acting like the incriminate were strangling them and making them do bad things, it jus t went too far. People started being hung and more of the town started to believe what these young girls had been saying and feeling. Hales was working with the settle and town leaders to see what could be done with the alleged witches and wizards.

Apartheid in South Africa Essay -- South African Apartheid

Racism is mans gravest threat to man...the maximum of hatred for a minimum reason. -- Abraham Heschel The Apartheid. An survive that left thousands of colored South Africans without rights, property, and even lives. Although original in its name, the ideas were not original in itself. The ordeal dates back to 1652 when the early Dutch settlers moved into Black territory on a mission to change the order of civilization (Rotberg 18). Boers (Rotberg 18) as the Dutch called themselves, took up an extreme fundamentalist Calvinist interpretation of holiness (Rotberg 19). This religion entails that one be a ruler of all (Rotberg 20). In 1795, English rule came oer the Dutch resulting in a conflict surrounded by English settlers and Dutch (Afrikaner) settlers. Both groups empowered South Africa and did not share the power equally. In the early 1900s there was a heated battle over the discovery of diamonds which marked a victory for the Dutch (Rotberg 18). However this victory was not wo n simply by themselves. Black South Africans assisted in the war. From this, the Dutch felt they needed to reform stricter prohibitions for the Blacks to follow resulting in another reason to separate the Whites from the Non-Whites quoted by a British Native Administrator, it was needed to qualify warriors (Blacks) into laborers working for wages (Dugard, Haysom, and Marcus 25). Blacks were considered warriors because of their battle with the British and Dutch (Dugard, Haysom, and Marcus 25). The Dutch, who then changed their name to the Afrikaner National Party, did so as a means to separate themselves from the English as well as ensure social and economical dominations towards all Blacks. This name stayed with them until the late 1940s ... ...e society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if the needs be it is an ideal for which I am prepared to proceed- Nelson Mandela, freed pri soner after the Apartheid came to an end ( Gordimer, Goldblatt 92). WORKS CITEDDugard, John, Nicholas Haysom, and Gilbert Marcus. The Last Years of Apartheid Civil Liberties in South Africa. United States of America Ford Foundation, 1992.Gordimer, Nadine, David Goldblatt. Lifetimes Under Apartheid. recent York Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.Pomeroy, William J. Apartheid, Imperialism, and African Freedom. New York International Publishers, 1986.Neame, L.E. The History of Apartheid. New York London House and Maxwell, 1962.Rotberg, Robert I. Ending Autocracy, Enabling Democracy. Cambridge World Peace Foundation, 2002.

Guy Fawkes Essay -- essays research papers

Fawkes Guy, was one of the greatest conspirator in the Gunpowder Plot. Fawkes, pronounced fawks Guy, English conspirator, innate(p) in York. A Protestant by birth, he became a Roman Catholic after the marriage of his widowed mother to a man of Catholic background and sympathies(Miller 578). In 1593 he enlisted in the Spanish Army in Flanders and in 1596 participated in the capture of the city of Calais by the Spanish in their war with Henry IV of France. He became implicated with Thomas Winter and others in the Gunpowder Plot to blow up Parliament as protest against the anti-Roman Catholic laws.This paper will depict the life of Guy Fawkes. Guy Fawkes was born on 13th April, 1570. Guy Fawkes was the only son of Edward Fawkes of York and his wife Edith Blake of Cambridge. Followed by Guy Fawkes birth, Edith had given birth to girl Anne Fawkes on 3rd October 1568, but the infant lived a mere seven weeks, being buried on 14th November of the same year. Two other sisters were born fol lowed by Anne, another Anne, who later married Henry Kilburns in Scotton on 12th October1572, and Elizabeth, who later married William Dickenson also in Scotton on 27th may 1594. Edward Fawkes who was advocate of the consistory court of the Archbishop of York. On his mothers side, he was descended from the Harrington family who were eminent merchants and Alderman of York.In 1605, Guy Fawkes(also known as Guido), and a group of conspirators attempted to blow up the Houses of Parliament to k...

Spanish American War :: essays research papers

The Spanish and American WarThe Americans were brought into The Spanish and American War on February 15,1898. The Americans came into this fight because a naval boat of ours called the Maine was short-winded up. On that boat, 327of our sailors were killed in the explosion. With this explosion, the navy used it by having a slogan ,Remember the Maine, to get volunteers into the navy to help fight. We though that the Spanish were to blame for blowing up our ship. But, really there was some function wrong with the engine which lead to the big explosion. This was not found till they lifted the ship out of the water in 1911. When this happened many an(prenominal) newspapers journalist yellow journalism took advantage of the explosion and wrote whom they thought did the explosion or who did the people want it to be. One of these newspaper tycoons was William Randolph Hearst. He took great advantages of the war and stretched the truth to the extreme. He did this just to sell more newspape rs and to make money. Hearst went over in his personal boat and took pictures in Cuba of poor and starving people there. He even captured a couple of the Spanish soldiers and turned them over to the Americans. America fought because we had big money in Cuba. All together we had over a $250 jillion dollars invested there with sugar and other materials that we did not what to be destroyed. We also had $100 million dollars invested in the tobacco plantations, and $50million in transportation. Our president at that time was William McCleain. He did not want to get in this war because he hated war. But when he did he decided to take some other thing that we need also. These things are the Philippines, Guam, and Portico for navel passages. On April 11,1898 McCleain gave a speech to congress for war, and they approved it.The war looked in big favor for the Spanish because they had an army of 400,000 hands and we only had only 28,000 men, but this changed after congress declared war. The national guard got 1million recruits during the war, this was the highest ever.In the war there were two generals from the Civil War. These guys are William genus Calamus who weighed 320 pounds. He had to get a special tub and had to be hoisted up onto his horse.

Unity of a Family Explored in The Grapes of Wrath Essay -- The Grapes o

Unity of a Family Explored in The Grapes of fretfulness   One would say that on a literal level The Grapes of temper by John Steinbeck is ab come on the Joad familys journey to California during The Dust Bowl. However, it is also about the unity of a family and the concept of experience and death, both literal and abstract. along with this, the idea of a family unit is explored through these births and deaths.   As can be seen in The Grapes of Wrath, the Joads are a very tight-knit family. Yet on their set forth to California, they experience many losses and additions to their family. In general, Steinbecks novel abides by the circle of life. When a birth occurs, a death follows, and when a death occurs, a birth follows. However, in The Grapes of Wrath, the number of deaths outweighs the number of births as a way to show the negative impacts of The Dust Bowl.   The first birth in the novel occurs in Chapter ogdoad when Tom Joad returns from jail to his family. Pri or to Toms homecoming, Ma Joad had been deeply concerned about making the journey to California without him, because she did not want the family to break up sooner the start of their journey even occurred. The idea of Tom Joad returning at this point is considered a birth because the Joad family is now complete. This starts the novel giving the reader a better sense of the closeness of the Joad family. In addition, the first reference to death occurs in Chapter Ten. Grampa decides that he does not want to leave his land and go out west. This heres my country. I blong here...I aint a-goin. This country aint no good, but its my country (152). Once again, as to not split up the family, Ma Joad drugs Grampa in order for the family to place him on the tru... ...by that move up of Sharon delivers in Chapter Thirty. One would believe that when Rose of Sharon delivers her dead baby, it is a sign that all hope is lost because it breaks the circle of life. However, Steinbeck ends The Grape s of Wrath on a passably uplifting note by incorporating one last birth. At the end of the novel, Rose of Sharon gives life to a dying old man by permit him drink the breast milk that she would have used in order to feed her own baby. She looked up and across the barn, and her lips came together and smiled mysteriously (619).   In conclusion, The Grapes of Wrath may appear, on surface level, to be a novel about an Oklahoma familys trip to California during the Dust Bowl. Instead, when looked at more deeply, The Grapes of Wrath is imbed to be a story about the circle of life and the way that a family stays together through this cycle.

The Feminist Struggle Portrayed in Brief History Of The Horse Essay

The Feminist Struggle Portrayed in Brief storey Of The Horse Lorna Croziers numbers, A Brief History Of The Horse, offers many different interpretations. However, the structure of the poem breaks down into three stages past, present, and future. By examining the archetypes within the poem, it can be suggested that the horse stands to represent the womens liberationist struggle, the on-going battle for women to have an equal place in society. In explicating A Brief History Of The Horse, it is of primary importance to examine the logopoeia (thought level) of the poem. The archetype of the horse suggests the poems feminist aspect. To elucidate, the horse, as a Jungian archetype, represents motherhood and the magic side of man. What Jung refers to as the mother withing all of us, or intuitiveness, and lies in the unconscious(Cirlot, 151). In Croziers poem, reference to the subconscious is quite app atomic number 18nt in the first stanza or stage the horse grazes in pastures of slee p. A sliver horse is also symbolic of freedom and peaceableness (Oderr, 69) however, this freedom can only be obtained in sleep. The mother figure is also represented by the fact that the soldiers are within the horse. They are in the belly of the horse the soldiers feel the sway of the horses belly as she races night across the meadows(260). This implies the notion of a fetus in a womb. However, the men (soldiers) are not aware of the outside world of the horse, believing that they are in a hold of a ship that smells of grass and forgetfulness(260). Thus, the notion that the horse is grazing in a pasture of green grass (peace), yet the men(soldiers) are unable to see the truth. They are unaware of what problems the horse is actually faced with. The soldier... ...ermore, regardless of how much the horse is repressed it will in conclusion do what it wants to do. It doesnt matter what label is placed on the feminist struggle, it is inevitable that women will have a place equal in society to men. The horse will eventually graze calmly in the meadow, and there will be a time when men and women are equal. In conclusion, the poem moves from the basic history or repression of the horse to the future outlook. The horse stands as an archetype for the mother, the feminist struggle. Therefore, the poem becomes a history of the feminist struggle, from being born of ancient times, through the ignorance of current times and eventually it will come to rest. Without a doubt, women will eventually have an equal place in society. The poet is quite adamant that females will become equal to men. The feminist movement cannot be suppressed.

The Feminist Struggle Portrayed in Brief History Of The Horse Essay

The Feminist Struggle Portrayed in Brief History Of The Horse Lorna Croziers poem, A Brief History Of The Horse, offers many different interpretations. However, the organize of the poem breaks down into three stages past, present, and future. By examining the archetypes within the poem, it can be suggested that the horse stands to represent the feminist struggle, the ongoing battle for women to have an equal countersink in hostel. In explicating A Brief History Of The Horse, it is of primary importance to examine the logopoeia (thought level) of the poem. The archetype of the horse suggests the poems feminist aspect. To elucidate, the horse, as a Jungian archetype, represents motherhood and the magic side of man. What Jung refers to as the mother withing all of us, or intuitiveness, and lies in the subconscious(Cirlot, 151). In Croziers poem, reference to the subconscious is quite apparent in the showtime stanza or stage the horse grazes in pastures of sleep. A grazing horse i s also symbolic of freedom and peace (Oderr, 69) however, this freedom can only be obtained in sleep. The mother figure is also represented by the fact that the soldiers are within the horse. They are in the belly of the horse the soldiers feel the rock and roll of the horses belly as she races night across the meadows(260). This implies the notion of a fetus in a womb. However, the men (soldiers) are not aware of the outside introduction of the horse, believing that they are in a hold of a ship that smells of grass and forgetfulness(260). Thus, the notion that the horse is grazing in a pasture of parking lot grass (peace), yet the men(soldiers) are unable to see the truth. They are unaware of what problems the horse is actually faced with. The soldier... ...ermore, regardless of how much the horse is repressed it allow for eventually do what it wants to do. It doesnt matter what label is placed on the feminist struggle, it is inevitable that women will have a place equal in so ciety to men. The horse will eventually graze calmly in the meadow, and there will be a time when men and women are equal. In conclusion, the poem moves from the basic history or repression of the horse to the future outlook. The horse stands as an archetype for the mother, the feminist struggle. Therefore, the poem becomes a history of the feminist struggle, from organism born of ancient times, through the ignorance of current times and eventually it will come to rest. Without a doubt, women will eventually have an equal place in society. The poet is quite adamant that females will become equal to men. The feminist movement cannot be suppressed.

Microbiological routes for the production

Microbiological Paths For The Production Of Pharmaceutical Products.IntroductionMicrobiological Aspects Of PenicillinRecent publications and primary literature give notice that penicillin is an first-class curative agent which increases its demand for clinical application and chemical surveies. Microbiological production, chemical purification and isolation ar major jobs associated with its usage. Penicillin is produced by Penicillium notatum in really infinitesimal measures and its civilizations were investigated for big scale production of penicillin. Cultures of P.notatum tend to spontaneously lose their penicillin-producing ability due to physiological or biochemical devolution. Penicillin activity straight depends upon the nature of random variable. It is critical to choose strains of highest authority for maximal penicillin activity. All the strains are dissimilar from each other in their penicillin-forming ability.1. Penicillin production in Penicillium Chrysogenum. bios ynthesis of lysine and Penicillin in Penicillium chrysogenum is regulated by ramifying point intermediate ?-aminoadipate. In penicillin tract, it is condensed with L-valine and L-cysteine to organize tripeptide by ACV synthetase. The internal ?-aminoadipate pool plays a critical function in lysine and penicillin biogenesis. The end of lys2 cistron directs the pool towards penicillin biogenesis ensuing in penicillin over-production. The targeted break was carried out by utilizing two different techniques and their consequence on penicillin production was studied. P.chrysogenum Wis 54-1255 ( low-level penicillin-producing strain ) and P.chrysogenum pyrG1 mutant strains were apply in transmutation experiments. P. Chrysogenum L2, a lysine auxotroph was used as a control. Spores of P.chrysogenum were collected from home bases of power medium afterwards holding grown for 5 yearss at 28C. Two plasmids pDL1 and pDL7 which differed in selectable home run and size of DNA part homologous t o aim were selected for break of lys2 by a individual crossing over. pDL1 includes ble ( phleomycin opposition ) cistron art object pDL7 contains pyrG cistron as a selectable marker. Out of 495 transformants tested, 2 lysine auxotrophs ringers ( TD7-88 and TD7-115 ) were obtained. Both were unable to turn in Czapek medium supplemented with ?-aminoadipic acid while P.chrysogenum L2 ( command strain ) grew. These consequences proved that lys2 cistron is break up in TD7-88 and TD7-115 strains. Two plasmids pDL2 and pDL10 were constructed for break of lys2 cistron by dual recombination. Out of 964 transformants tested, exclusively one lysine auxotroph ( TD10-195 ) was obtained which was unable to turn in ?-aminoadipic acid supplemented Czapek medium. Transformants TD10-195 and TD7-115 were more durable without any reversion rate as compared to TD7-88 with really low degree of stableness. Although the emergence of transformants were slower than parental strain in defined medium inco rporating 4.0 Mm lysine, the penicillin degrees were double from those observed in parental strain at 96, 120, and 144 H and threefold higher at 168 H.2. Penicillin Production by Fungi round on nutrient merchandises.Many fungous species widely used as commercial starting motors such as P.nalgiovense, P.chrysogenum, P. Verrucosum, P.griseofulvum and P.roqueforti were used to analyse the production of penicillin while turning on nutrient merchandises and presence of penicillin biosynthetic cistrons in Fungi of genus Penicillium. The synthesis of toxic compounds might besides be secreted to nutrient merchandises. All the strains were screened utilizing bio-assaies in both solid and liquid medium with Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as a trial strain to observe penicillin production. Antibacterial activity was found in P.chrysogenum, P.griseofulvum NRRl 2300 and P.nalgiovense. ?-lactamase bod Bacillus Cereus UL1 was used to prove whether the antibacterial activity was due to penicillin o r other substance. Result indicate that antibacterial activity can be attributed to ?-lactam antibiotic penicillin. Agitation of liquid submerged civilizations of P.griseofulvam was carried out to corroborate penicillin production which proved that P.griseofulvam strain NRRL 2300 had highest production degree. Southern smudge analysis was used to analyze the presence of penicillin biosynthetic cistrons. The presence of penicillin cistron bunch in P.griseofulvum proved that the antibacterial activity observed is due to penicillin. P.griseofulvum which is a possible beginning of penicillin in nutrient merchandises can be often isolated from maize, barley, wheat, flour etc. In instance of P. Verrucosum, the antibacterial activity observed was due to either patulin or penicilic acid as it contains merely one cistron of penicillin cistron bunch. Both patulin or penicilic acid are secondary metabolites produced by different strains of Fungi. In regularize to obtain safe and high quality nutrient merchandises, antibiotic and toxin production by nutrient micro-organisms should be analysed and studied in item. It besides helps to bring ahead modified strains in which the synthesis of toxic compounds can be eliminated without losing their food-ripening and flavorer belongingss.3. Production of penicillin in methylotropic barm Hansenula polymorpha.-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and Mefoxins are largest selling antibiotics against bacterial infections. Industrially, penicillin and Mefoxins are produced by filiform Fungis Penicillium.chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum severally. The chief purpose was to present penicillin biogenesis tract into yeast Hansenula polymorpha as it is more various, easy to manage and cultivate with gilt-edged agitation belongingss as compared to filiform Fungis. In penicillin tract, peptide synthetase ?-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase signifiers tripeptide ACV. It is converted into isopenicillin N ( IPN ) by enzyme isopenicillin N synthase ( IPNS ) . The pcbC cistron which encodes IPNS was cloned in H.polymorpha intoxicant oxidase booster in pHIPX4 and integrated at PAOX venue in H.polymorpha genome. A strain ( IPNS 4.2 ) incorporating pcbC look cassette was cultivated at 37C on methyl alcohol medium to bring on PAOX. Wild type H.polymorpha serves as control strain. Aliquots were taken at regular clip intervals to analyze IPNS protein. Western smudges prepared utilizing rough infusions of H.polymorpha and P.chrysogenum revealed that strain IPNS 4.2 produces an ?-IPNS specific protein. IPNS was produced at all growing temperatures in strain IPNS 4.2. In stationary growing stage, comparatively low IPNS protein degrees were observed in cells grown at 37C. It was off-key that hapless or slow folding of protein at high temperature can be an intrinsic factor. However, IPNS protein was to the full stable and its degree was significantly enhanced at 25C if compared to its production at 37C and 30C.The sum is compar able to highest penicillin bring forthing strains of P.Chrysogenum. Results indicate that penicillin production in heterologus barm was merely successful at decreased growing temperatures. As yeast genome does non encode non ribosomal peptide synthetases such as ACVs, the following measure will be to infix functionally wide awake ACVS in heterologus host in order to present full penicillin biogenesis tract in H.polymorpha.4. Penicillin production in surface civilizations of P.notatum.Two-liter Erlrnmeyer flasks incorporating czapek-Dox medium were inoculated with P.notatum and incubated at 25C. It was tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in alimentary stock by ordinary dilution methods. The pH of the medium fell from 6.5 to 3.0-4.0 and remained low throughout. neutralised samples showed high antibacterial activity and batches runing from 10 to 100 liters were extracted with amyl ethanoate at pH 2. It was assumed that penicillin in these civilizations ex isted in non-extractable signifier. The pellicles were thin, without furrows or spores, and liquid with swoon xanthous touch. The antibacterial activity was extractible at pH 2 with organic dissolvers when the medium was supplemented with yeast infusion, brain-heart extract. In chocolate-brown sugar medium ( dark brown sugar, 2 per cent NaNO3, 0.35 MgSO4.7 H20, 0.05 KCI, 0.05, KH2PO4, 0.15 FeSO4.7H20, 0.015 ) growing is more rapid and abundant accompanied by intense xanthous pigmentation ( chrysogenin ) as compared to czapek-Dox medium. The sourness falls in other(a) phases from pH 5.5 to 4.5 and so rises to 8.0. Penicillin started roll uping on 5th twenty-four hours with upper limit on the eleventh to the 13th twenty-four hours. Maximum penicillin activity appeared after maximal growing was attained. All the sugar was consumed before maximal penicillin was accumulated.5. Penicillin production in submersed civilizations of P.notatum.Experiments with submersed civilizations we re conducted on machines agitating at rate of 60 to 90rpm, with maximal growing observed over a period of 6 to 10 yearss at 25C. Brown sugar medium was distributed in 80-ml measures in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks and inoculated with a spore suspension of P.notatum, strain 832. The flasks were incubated at 25C on a shaking machine. Growth commenced on the 2nd twenty-four hours with maximal growing appeared as little unit of ammunition pellets of mycelium. Penicillin started roll uping on 3rd or 4th twenty-four hours and reached its maximal value ( 20 to 30 oxford units per mil ) on 7th or 8th twenty-four hours. Organic fraction in brown sugar is responsible for penicillin-promoting capacity. Zinc besides had a catalyzing consequence. The handshaking or submersed civilization technique provides better aeration as compared to come up civilization. By turning P.notatum strains in shake civilization, variable factors of diffusion and pellicle organization are eliminated, while growing and metabolic procedures are accelerated. Care of an equal O supply is indispensable in the penicillin production in submersed civilizations of P.notatum.6. Aculeacin A Acylase as an industrial biocatalyst for production of penicillinAculeacin A Acylase ( AuAAC ) from Actinoplanes utahensis NRRL 12052 catalyzes hydrolyses of acyl medieties of fungicidal antibiotics. As AuAAC was similar to ? -lactam acylase, it was investigated whether AuAAC would act as new ? -lactam acylase. An engineered aac cistron was made and cloned into look sender pEM4. The cistron was amplified by PCR utilizing chromosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid from A. utahensis NRRL 12052. Primers were designed harmonizing to the DNA sequence of aac cistron. Purified PCR merchandises were digested with XbaI and EcoRI endonuclease and cloned into pEM4 vector. The ensuing plasmid was so introduced in S.lividans 1326. The AuAAC output was 21-fold higher in recombinant strain produced by S. Lividans ( pEAAC ) as compared to A.ut ahensis. Its pureness was determined by Na dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel cataphoresis. The thermic stableness was studied by pre-incubating AAC for 20 min at different temperatures. It was stable up to 50C and so reduced at higher temperature. It was determined that purified recombinant AuAAC is able to hydrolyse penicillin V. The kinetic parametric quantities for hydrolyses of different earthy ?-lactam antibiotics were determined to analyze hydrolytic specificity of recombinant AuAAC. The pure recombinant enzyme was incubated with increasing concentrations of penicillins ( V, K, F, dihydroF, and G ) in 100 mM K phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 at 45C for 15 min in 100 l. AuAAC shows the same substrate specificity if compared to penicillin V acylase on natural penicillins. Penicillin K was best substrate for which AuAAC shows highest biomolecular changeless value of 34.79 mM-1 s-1. Result suggest that AuAAC from A.utahensis should be considered as new subfamily of ?-lactam acylases a nd it should besides be considered as an industrial biocatalyst for production of man-made penicillins.Mentions1. Finch, R. G. , Greenwood, D. , Norrby, S. R. & A Whitley, R. J. ( 2003 ) . Antibiotic and Chemotherapy. Anti-infective agents and their usage in therapy. ( 8th ed. ) . parvenue York Churchill Livingstone.2. Hutter, R. , Leisinger, T. , Nuesch, J. & A Wehrli, W. ( 1978 ) . Antibiotics and Other Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis and Production. New York Academic Press.3. Flynn, E. H. ( 1972 ) . Cephalosporins and Penicillins.Chemistry and Biology. New York Academic Press.4. Casqueiro, J. , Gutierrez, S. , Banuelos, O. , Hijarrubia, M. J. & A Martin, J. F. ( 1999 ) . agent Targeting in Penicillium chrysogenum Break of the lys 2 Gene Leads to Penicillin Overproduction. Journal of Bacteriology, 181 ( 4 ) , 1181-1188.5. Laich, F. , Fierro, F. & A Martin, J. F. ( 2002 ) . Production of Penicillin by Fungi Turning on Food Merchandises Designation of a complete Penicillin Gene Cluster in Penicillium griseofulvum and a Truncated Cluster in Penicillium verrucosum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68 ( 3 ) , 1211-1219.6. Gidijala, L. , Bovenberg R. , Klaassen, P. , Van der Klei, I. J. , Veenhuis, M. & A Kiel, J.A. ( 2008 ) . Production of functionally active Penicillium chrysogenum isopenicillin N synthase in the barm Hansenula polymorpha. BMC Biotechnology,29 ( 8 ) , 1472-6750.7. Torres-Bacete, J. , Hormigo, D. , Stuart, M. , Arroyo, M. , Torres, P. , Castillon, M.P. , et Al. ( 2007 ) . Newly Discovered Penicillin Acylase Activity of Aculeacin A Acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,73 ( 16 ) 5378-5381.8. Sprote, P. , Brakhage, A. A. & A Hynes, M. J. ( 2009 ) . Contribution of Peroxisomes to Penicillin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Eukaryotic Cell, 8 ( 3 ) , 421-423.

Evaluation Essay of “Saving Private Ryan”

Title World-renowned director Steven Spielberg defecates what arguably could be considered one of the greatest war ikons of all time, with his order of Academy booty winning film redemptive snobbish Ryan starring Tom Hanks and Matt Damon as Captain Miller and nonpublic James Ryan. prudence Private Ryan opens with an old man at a graveyard when the movie flashes back to 1944 during the Allied invasion of Normandy, where two brothers are killed during the fighting.Later the viewer learns that earlier a third brother died fighting in New Guinea, and that the news of all three brothers deaths will be delivered to their mother on the same day. The g everyplacenment learns that a fourth son (Private Ryan) is alive in the French countryside, and detaches a squad to retrieve him led by Captain Miller. Along the way, the group of soldiers begin to suspense their assigned mission and its costs. Teaming up with writer Robert Rodat, Spielberg is able to create a movie with top-notch spe cial effects, amazing storytelling, and brilliant acting.Multiple movie critics and historians bind praised Saving Private Ryans opening beach scene as The most realistic portrayal of World War II compared to other works of cinematography. The movie achieves excellence by means of its astounding special effects making the viewing of this movie as close to war one can get without fighting, winning the Academy award for achievement in special effects. From the beginning scene where Tom Hanks, in a shell-shocked state, is witnessing all the havoc occurring around him to the final battle scene on the bridge, Saving Private Ryan has everything a good war movie needs in regards to special effects.The use of all of the special effects in the movie however, does not take away from any of the storytelling or progression of the film. Instead, the use of these effects enhances the overall greatness of the film by allowing the viewer to get the take up possible visual experience of the event s that occurred during that time. With Steven Spielberg at the helm of the film as both the director and a producer, the story aspect was bound to be incredible.Spielberg puts unitedly this story of a group of soldiers sent on a mission to bring home the last remaining son of a mother, only to have doubts about the mission and if all of the loss and fighting is worth this one man. By combining different aspects such as relationships, death, and inner turmoil, Spielberg is able to create a masterpiece. The way Spielberg shows the inner workings and behaviors of the soldiers in the group is just one of the many ways that he is able to make the story relatable and a cinematic wonder.During the movie, the group meets a family, when they arrive at a small town bombarded by artillery. The father tries to give his daughter to the soldiers thinking that she will be safer with them. While the commanding officer at first refuses, one of the soldiers takes the girl saying that she reminded hi m of his niece back home. letting the viewer connect with the characters on a much personal level. Saving Private Ryan is as close as one can get to perfecting a war movie.Having all of the criteria for its genre, from story, to effects, to great performances, Saving Private Ryan is one of the all-time greatest movies. What stands out about this movie is how well plot and effects go hand in hand, complementing one another without over doing anything. I would strongly urge anyone who has yet to see the movie to do so, as it is one of the greatest cinematic works ever created. In the end, Saving Private Ryan is a movie that I feel will stand the test of time, and forever be watched and enjoyed by future generations.

Language Barriers of Hispanic Immigrants Essay

Language barriers are one of the super C problems of the Latino immigrants in the United States of the States. It johnnot be denied that with the growing come in of immigrants in the country, it is creation predicted that such number lead not decrease with the succeeding years. Meaning to say, there are going to be more(prenominal) immigrants to be expected to live in the country. Because of this, it has been great that the speech communication barriers created among the Hispanic immigrants are solved and supplantd. This paper discusses the different language barriers that are being faced and experienced by some(prenominal) Hispanic immigrants in the United States of America.More specifically, this paper answered the hobby questions 1. What are the various language barriers created among the Hispanic immigrants when adapting to the United States of America? 2. How do such language barriers affect the lives of the Hispanic immigrants in America, both students and professio nals? 3. What can be done in commit to diminish if not totally eradicate language barriers? The methods used by the indite in gathering the necessary data needed to spot the research are via interviews and researches.Interviews were made in order to gather first hand information about the language barriers among Hispanic immigrants. The reference interviewed different mickle from the Hispanic descent living in the United States of America to ask about their experiences in talking the side language which they are unfamiliar with and to know about how they were able to reduce and eradicated the impact of being a foreigner in a land where incline is the dominant language being used to put across verbally and create verbally. IntroductionThe immigration of the United States of America surges as legion(predicate) Hispanics immigrate to the country for residency or for greener pastures. however in relation to it is the increasing diversity and failure of cultural adaptation caused by language barriers that are being experienced by the Hispanic immigrants in the country. Many student immigrants in the country found it severe to adopt the culture in America because they cannot exit well with the new people and environment that surround them (Norton et al, 1978).Most of the Hispanic immigrants in America came from a country where position is not the main language being used for communication. With this, most of the immigrants are being culturally shocked and hence, failed to attain the very purpose they went to the United States of America and that is to written report and unravel. According to Pinzon and Miguel (2000), many Hispanics who went to America to study are being engaged to domestic violence, low educational achievement or the lack of it, teen pregnancy, and even poverty among new(prenominal)s.The trader reason of such situation is the situation that the Hispanics are not able to easily adapt to the academic life in America because it has been fractious for them to fragmentise up the language, communicate with it and apply the akin in their American dreams. For these reasons alone, it has been the plight of many educators to find ways as to how the Hispanics, both students and professionals alike, be make to study and learn incline as quickly as possible.It could be that the incorporation of the students to the classroom and to make then engaged get out be of great abet (Roberts, 1999). Hence, this paper is for the purpose of identifying the language barriers created among the Hispanics immigrants when adapting to the United States of America as it relates to education. Literature Review There are many researches that have been conducted in order to determine the various language barriers that are prohibiting the Hispanics to learn side as their here and now Language.It cannot be denied that immigrants get their support from their families. It is the latter that sets goal for the immigrants, both students a nd professionals alike, to study and work in America for greater opportunity to succeed and be successful in America. According to Zhou (1997), it is the adult immigrants and the professionals who are getting the attention of the many researchers and educators in the country. The focus of the society is to determine how the adult immigrants can easily adapt to the American Style of living.The aim to support the training of English as Second Language is geared towards them while the students aged below 18 years old are not being given much attention. It is in this situation that most of the students find it hard to overcome fear in living the American Way and Style. They tend to become aloof, rebellious and uninterested to learn. It has overly been found out that the result of such neglect among the Hispanic students is the apparent negative views towards the culture of America.Further studies have revealed that it will be very hard for the students to adapt to the American Styl e because of the absence of support from their families and the society as well. The moment that these students and young immigrants set their feet in the land of unending opportunities they are without delay evaluated based on the standards of the Americans without considering that these younger generations are from another country whose style of living is totally different to that of the Americans.With this, the young Hispanic students have lost fellowship to their world which in turned caused them to feel deprived and at lost in the new country they are exploring and the educational environment they have been placed. In this situation, the parents of the students who can easily adjust to the American Style have opted to relocate to a place in America where the surroundings resembled that of their own. They usually settle to places where they can hear the same sound, use the same language and act the same.Hence, the students and the community no longer struggle to learn the Engl ish language and press on to adapt the American Style. This could be a good thing to do in order to make a smooth transition of lifestyle. But what others failed to see and realized is that such smooth transitions are merely increasing the language barriers among the Hispanic people. The familiarity of the Hispanics in their new home simply decreases the chance of learning the English as Second Language. There is no longer a single purpose for the usage the language now that they are living in the same old environment.It has become apparent then that the Hispanic people who are living in this kind of society are those who are shocked to barge into a different lifestyle and to likewise adapt the culture that they have come to meet in the country. It is a known fact that it is hard to adapt to the society where the English is the dominating language. More studies have stated that when the Hispanics students have been speaking English language in school, it is a good mark of learning . However, such learning is being barred when they are already in their homes and uses their native tongues.The key in learning English and speaking it as Second Language is practice. As an old adage goes practice makes perfect. Hence, when the students will not speak English and use their native tongues instead, it will be hard for them to speak English on the next day. Suffice it to say, it is important that even in the homes of the students, the language should be utilize in order to communicate in order to develop confidence in communicating in English not just to the family members but also with the people just about them in schools and in their quick neighborhood.It is the dominant language that makes Hispanics struggle with learning English and to become fluent and proficient with it. Learning English is not an easy thing to do especially for individuals who have spoken a different language for a long time. In the United States of America, they will study the lessons and practice English. But the difficulty entailed to it makes the students repair to speaking the language they know better. Speaking the language is not just dependent on knowing the principle but rather to apply the same in a real time setting.It is not about learning the words and the right pronunciation but rather to be fluent in speaking and be confident about it. All around the world, English is the only language that is acceptable in terms of communicating in a cross-cultural manner. It is an international language that enables people from different races, background and culture to understand each other without much struggling because of the presence of differences.But more than that, it cannot be denied that the English language is a source of knowledge for the people. Its role in the lives of many people from all walks of life is indispensible. For example, most books are written in English. Probably, 99% of all publications are in English. It is in this very essence that learn ing English as Second Language becomes as much as important as breathing. In a classroom setting, it has been revealed that the first and foremost learning skill that has to be taught for Hispanics is speaking in English.Hence, with the changing times, command from the school administrators and teachers should be striving in teaching English as Second Language for the immigrants in order for them to develop and improve their communication skills. The function of the teachers is to ensure that the students are able to grasp the principle of learning the language and the importance to learn the proper usage of words to speak better and to communicate a very efficient and effective manner that people will understand. However, it has been found out that there are no enough regular English classes that are being afforded in schools.Hence, the students are not being given training and education to study English and to speak like Native English speakers. It is important that every educat ional institution must provide proper training grounds for the Hispanic students. This is to ensure that they will have an equal descend of training that will make them qualified to the standards of the Americans. There are different ways that can be utilized in teaching English to the Hispanics. It is true that while learning English is hard it is as hard as teaching the same.The lack of facilities and regular classes for the English language makes it harder for the students to learn the language which will eventually cause for their lack of confidence and seclusion from the American society. The lack of right English will cause an even longer bridge that the Hispanics will not be able to cross in terms of the cultural differences and diversity that are apparent in the society. Added to the dilemma of the Hispanic people is the fact that the absence of the ability to speak English correctly and fluently makes a person lesser.People often think that when there are individuals in t he society that cannot even speak English, such individuals are very unfortunate. Many opportunities are being closed and no one wants to take them in the social circles. The connexion of the old world and the American Style will never meet. If people want to live to the fullest the American Style then they have to learn English (Stevenson, 1974). They need to speak in the manner that can be understood by people from all ages and from all cultures and not necessarily the American way.The Hispanics and other non-Native American speakers who are learning the language are proved to be excelling in the subjects of Math and English this is because they have more motivations than the native ones. They are in America to study and improve their lives and that motivates them to go on despite of its difficulty. Suarez-Orozco (1987) revealed that a number of my teacher-informants reported early on that these Central American students were well motivated to learn (particularly English).The tea chers noted that immigrant students exerted greater effort, studied harder, and often received better grades than other minority students. The teachers reported that many informants were more respectful and nicer to have around than either Anglo or other minority students. More objective measures seem to confirm these impressions. For example, in both school sites the Central American students were statistically underrepresented in numbers of school suspensions. Five of the graduating recent arrivals from Central America in my sample (10% of the total sample) were accepted into prestigious American universities.Many Central American students were learning English at a rapid pace. In fact, so many were learning English fast that in both school sites, teachers privately reported that the counselors systematically kept the immigrants in English as a Second Language ESL classes and lower-level bilingual classes longer than required. This was done because of lack of space in the regular English classroom. A systematic pattern of subtle discrimination was evident as I be-came more intimate with the teachers, counselors, and staff.The powerless immigrant students were not a priority they were thus assigned to lower-level classes, classes that in some cases they had successfully completed in their country of origin. The above condition and information only proves that many immigrants, natural or not, are striving hard in order to meet up with the expectation of their parents. It must be noted that most of the immigrants are people who are not well-off of their country of origin. Hence, the pressure to prosper and to improve their lives is being placed in the hands of the students.It is the duty and responsibility of the students to study and to batten the future of their family in the United States of America (Gammage, 1999). Research Questions This research paper aims to identify the language barriers being experienced by the Hispanic immigrants in the educational setting and system of the United States of America. More specifically, this research will answer the following questions 4. What are the various language barriers created among the Hispanic immigrants when adapting to the United States of America? 5.How do such language barriers affect the lives of the Hispanic immigrants in America, both students and professionals? 6. What can be done in order to diminish if not totally eradicate language barriers? Methods The primary method utilized in this research to gather the necessary data and information used in this paper is the interview method. The author undertook interview process to various Hispanics in the United States of America and asked them questions as to what are the language barriers that are affecting their immigration in the country.The interview was conducted on a man to man basis wherein the author met with the participants and asked the questions pertaining to the main problem of this paper. The author also employed purp osive method of selecting the participants of the study. The author established the following criteria in the selection of the participants to be interviewed a) participants must be less than 18 years of age b) must be of Hispanic descent c) migrated to the United States of America to study and d) incorporated in the educational system of America.Interview method as a form of data collection proved to be utilitarian as the author was able to gather first hand information in real time and to acquire relevant information as well. new(prenominal) information used by the author has been taken from different studies and researches published in the form of scholastic journals and books accordingly. Findings Upon collating the information needed in order to complete this research paper, the author has yielded the following results 1. It has been found out that there are several language barriers that have been created among the Hispanic descents in the United States of America.Some of the common language barriers are a) the absence of regular English classes that teach English as Second Language to the students b) the lack of confidence among the Hispanics to speak the language in a foreign country c) the absence of proper pronunciation of the English language taught in their country of origin d) lack of practices in speaking the English language d) strong inclination to their original culture e) not enough reason to study English f) living in a city or place in the United States of America surrounded by non-English speaking people and g) a feeling of being uncomfortable in speaking the English language in a nation that has English as its dominant language. 2.Such language barriers have decreased the confidence of the Hispanic students in doing their surpass in schools and in excelling in the field of learning English and in their various endeavors in life. 3. There are many things that can be utilized in order to diminish if not totally eradicate the language barr iers that have been created among the Hispanic immigrants in the United States of America. Among the solutions to the problem is by a) conducting regular English classes in schools b) placing the Hispanic immigrants in residences where the neighborhood that speaks English only c) encouraging the families of every immigrants to speak English even in the comfort of their own homes to pass water confidence and d) motivate the students to learn amidst difficulties and cultural differences.

Culture Difference in Business Negotiation

world-wideisation, the expansion of intercontinental trade, technological advances and the increase in the number of companies traffic on the supranational stage have brought about a dramatic change in the frequency, context and means by which people from different cultural backgrounds interact, especially cross-cultural communication in international crinkle. Global communications bring countries and kitchen-gardenings cfall backr to each other every day correct though they may be on separate continents.However, barriers to communicating serene exist due to cultural differences as well as dialects. In the business world, cross-cultural barriers butt end be significant in conducting global commerce. global trade presents multi-level challenges dealing with cross-cultural communication. Language is the biggest caper and global companies recognize the need for employees who argon fluent in several languages. Of course, in addition to language, religion, customs, methods of de aling with people also play a significant role in international talkss.Once some link has the problem, which leave lead to the breakdown of negotiations. and then, This requests negotiations twain sides correctly utilize the negotiations skill, making the negotiations complete smoothly. 1. Definition Intercultural communication refers to the different cultural backgrounds of communication amid individuals, that is, people from different cultural backgrounds of the interaction. In young years, it causes most peoples financial aid.In China, the language teachers to show great interest, reflecting the changes of the times and demands, has attracted people from the perspective of cross-cultural education of foreign language teaching in-depth deliberateing. 2. Case exposition Ma Ping works in a joint-venture play along as an executive in China. His boss is an American named Steve. They are better supporters Once, at a meeting with mostly Chinese participants including Ma Ping , Steve didnt listen to much different ideas when asking for any suggestions on his new project.So he took it for grant that his new project would be quite satisfactory to everyone present at the meeting and decided to implement the plan. But to his great surprise and puzzlement, after the meeting, Ma Ping came to his office and told him that there were problems with the project, and the project might not work properly. This time, to Ma Pings surprise, Steve didnt seem happy but even annoyed with this. Analysis In China, if you disagree with your friend at the meeting, you cant speak out in public. Because if you do that, your friend entrust lose his face.The best action is to talk with him in private . While in the western coun taste, if you have a different idea about the project of your friend at the meeting, you must raise an objection instantly rather than in private later. I conclude that in business negotiations, cultural differences between the negotiating parties will oft en become an obstacle to the negotiations,and even lead to the breakdown of negotiations. Therefore, we should pay attention to some skills in the negotiations to avoid the breakdown of negotiations 3. Intercultural communication skillsBusiness negotiation can be understood as a process in which two or more than parties come together to discuss common and inappropriate business interests in order to reach an agreement of mutual benefit . Negotiation can be considered a delicate business, made even more delicate by different cultural understandings. How can we avoid the subtle pitfalls and make deals go smoothly? There is a detail way to unclutter this ituation. 3. 1The preparation before the intercultural negotiation A good pre-preparation is a key note to have a successful negotiation.If we have a negotiation in hurry, we will know little about our partner and we can not get the most benefits during the intercultural negotiation. And of course, our partners will think that we d id not pay much attention to this negotiation, so it can show our careless attitude about the business and our partner. Therefore, we will fail in the negotiation. So it is important to make a good preparation before we go into the intercultural negotiation, but how to make preparations before we begin the negotiation? Next there is some advice. First we must organize our team up well, because the team is the oundation of our successful negotiation. We can keep our team as small as possible. But it does not mean what the less people our team has, the more effective work we can get. Some people who have specialized skills, communication ability, team spirit and gamesmanship must be contained in our team . 3. 2The bridge-building between the different glossinesss But just making those preparations are not enough, we must know what will happen during the intercultural negotiation. Next this thesis will give us a detail explanation to the problems. Supposed there are two persons Tom i n the West and Marry in the Eastern country.They have the same likes and dislikes, and Tom recently spoke for days with Marry, his potential business partner and yet the barriers between them were never broached and the deal didnt get inked . The problem had to do with different conceptions of the negotiation process itself and misinterpretations of the others behavior. For Tom, negotiation is about pushing through a deal period. When he didnt think their discussion was moving forward as quickly as he thought it should, his arguments became increasingly forceful. Because his opposite read this as disrespect, the negotiation essentially finish days before their talks did.Although globalizing communications and marketing have made the world smaller in many ways, deep differences between cultures remain. Despite analogous tastes, Tom and Marry each speak to negotiation in a way heavily conditioned by his national culture. Because they sat down at the table without understanding th e others assumptions about the negotiation process, all they ended up with was an impasse. So, we must pay attention to the question that is how to build the bridge over between the different cultures so that the degree of mistrust is diminished until it is non-existent.In order to prepare for our negotiations try the following (1) Get to know the individuals that we will be personally dealing with. Making a one-to-one human connection is one of the best ways to overcome mistrust (2) Background checks into the company that we are doing business with. Get to know the company as much as possible. Have credit checks done on the company. Learn about their financial incident in any way possible. (3) Research the culture of the foreign company and sensitize ourselves to the possible differences that we may be confronted with. 4) Get the assistance of a company that is expert in dealing with such cultural differences that can give us some tips. 3. 3 Learn the other sides culture It is ve ry important to know the basic components of our counterpartys culture. Its a sign of respect and a way to build trust and credibility as well as advantage that can help us to choose the right strategies and tactics during the negotiation. Of course, its impossible to learn another culture in detail when we learn at short notice that a foreign delegation is visiting in two weeks time.The best we can do is to try to identify principal influences that the foreign culture may have on making the deal. 3. 4 Dont stereotype Making saaumptions can creat mistrust and barriers that expose both(prenominal) your and the other sides need, positions and goals. The way we view other people tends to be reserved and cautious. We usually expect people to tug adventage of a situation, and during the negoations the other side probably thinks the same way, especially when there is a lack of trust between counterparts.In stead of generalizing, we should make an grounds to treat everyone as individua ls. Find the other sides values and beliefs independently of values and beliefs characteristic of the culture or group being equal by your counterpart. 3. 5 Find ways to bridge the culture gap Apart from adopting the other sides culture to adjust to the situation and environment, we can also try to persuade the other side to use elements of our own culture. In some situations it is also possible to use a combination of both cultures, for example, regarding joint venture business.When there is a diffculty in finding common ground, focusing on common professional cultures may be the initiation of business relations. 4. Conclusion International business negotiation is playing a more and more important role in our economic lives in modern society. Obviously, international business negotiations take place across national boundaries. This means that understanding the different cultural environments that exist among nations and considering cultural differences in all facets of business ar e crucial for negotiators in the operation of international business negotiation.International business negotiators are distinguished from each other not only by geographic location, language spoken, more importantly by the specific cultures in which they grow up. Cultural differences influence negotiation in many aspects, even before the personal negotiation starts The understanding of negotiation in the western culture is alien to that of the eastern culture. Many Americans see negotiation as a good approach to resolve conflicts while Japanese or Chinese do not like it at all. The composition of negotiation team relies greatly on culture that defines the number and the selecting criteria of negotiators.Japanese or Chinese negotiation team is often large, usually led by an old person with high status. Whereas,American team tends to be small and its negotiators are chosen on the basis of competence at the issue under negotiation. Simultaneously, people from different cultures prefe r to use different negotiating strategies and styles. Therefore selection of different strategies and tactics results in different outcomes in international business negotiations. Different selection of pragmatic strategies may produce different results in a business negotiation a win-lose result, a win-win result or lose-lose result.In order to maintain a long-term cooperative business birth between both negotiating parties concerned in a win-win business negotiation situation, the selection of strategies should be of crucial importance. Our nation is mentioning to establish harmonious society, if we want to be a successful negotiator, we should set up an atmosphere of harmony. I think the best result is a win-win result in international negotiation. So we will have many chances cooperate with our foreigner. Our Chinese people also can become the successful men.

Learning Organization Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ar proliferating as corporations seek to accommodate better themselves and bring in an edge. Unfortunately, however, failed programs furthest number successes, and improvement rates remain low. Thats because most companies contribute failed to grasp a basic rectitude. Before concourse and companies tin can improve, they first moldiness learn. And to do this, they charter to look beyond rhetoric and gamy philosophy and focus on the fundamentals. Three critical issues essential be addressed before a company can truly become a schooling presidential term, writes Harvard Business School professor David Garvin.First is the question of kernel a well-grounded, easy-to- ease up definition of a skill organization. Second comes management cle atomic number 18r operational guidelines for practice. Fin all(prenominal)y, better tools for measurement can assess an organizations rate and direct of encyclopedism. Using these tercet Ms as a framework, Garvin def ines learning organizations as skilled at five main activities systematic fuss solving, experimentation with revolutionary(a) approaches, learning from past experience, learning from the best practices of some former(a)s, and transferring k instantlyledge quickly and efficiently throughout the organization.And since you cant manage something if you cant measure it, a comp allowe learning audit is a must(prenominal)iness. That includes measuring cognitive and behavioral changes as well as tangible improvements in results. No learning organization is built overnight. Success comes from carefully cultivated attitudes, commitments, and management processes that accrue slowly and steadily. The first step is to foster an environment conducive to learning. Analog Devices, Chaparral Steel, decamp, GE, and other companies provide enlightened examples.CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMSCONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS are sprouting up all over as organizations strive to better themselves an d gain an edge. The topic list is long and varied, and sometimes it seems as though a program a month is needed just to keep up. Unfortunately, failed programs far outnumber successes, and improvement rates remain distressingly low. Why? Because most companies pee failed to grasp a basic truth. Continuous improvement requires a commitment to learning. How, aft(prenominal) all, can an organization improve without first learning something new?Solving a problem, introducing a produce, and reengineering a process all require seeing the being in a new light and acting accordingly. In the absence of learning, companies-and individuals -simply repeat old practices. Change remains cosmetic, and improvements are either fortuitous or poor-lived. A few farsighted executives Ray Stata of Analog Devices, Gordon Forward of Chaparral Steel, Paul Allaire of Xerox- assume recognized the link between learning and continuous improvement and have begun to refocus their companies around it.Scholar s too have jumped on the bandwagon, beating the drum for learning organizations and knowledge-creating companies. In rapidly changing businesses like semiconductors and consumer electronics, these vagarys are fast fetching hold. Yet despite the encouraging signs, the topic in large part remains murky, conf apply, and difficult to penetrate. Meaning, Management, and Measurement Scholars are partly to blame. Their discussions of learning organizations have very much been reverential and utopian, filled with near mystical terminology.Paradise, they would have you believe, is just around the corner. Peter Senge, who popularized learning organizations in his book The Fifth Discipline, described them as places where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of hark backing are nurtured, where collective aspiration is right free, and where people are continually learning how to learn together. To achieve these ends, Senge suggested the use of five comp unmatchablent technologies systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, and squad learning.In a similar spirit, Ikujiro Nonaka characterized knowledge-creating companies as places where inventing new knowledge is not a specialized bodily function it is a way of behaving, indeed, a way of being, in which every hotshot is a knowledge worker. Nonaka suggested that companies use metaphors and organizational verbosity to focus thinking, encourage dialogue, and make tacit, instinctively understood ideas explicit. Sound idyllic? Absolutely. Desirable? Without question. But does it provide a framework for action? Hardly. The recommendations are far too abstract, and too many questions remain unanswered.How, for example, will managers know when their companies have become learning organizations? What concrete changes in behavior are required? What policies and programs must be in place? How do you get from here to there? Mo st discussions of learning organizations finesse these issues. Their focus is high philosophy and grand themes, sweep metaphors rather than the gritty details of practice. Three critical issues are left unresolved yet each is essential for strong implementation. First is the question of meaning. We need a plausible, well-grounded definition of learning organizations it must be actionable and easy to apply.Second is the question of management. We need clearer guidelines for practice, filled with operational advice rather than high aspirations. And third is the question of measurement. We need better tools for assessing an organizations rate and level of learning to ensure that gains have in fact been made. Once these three Ms are addressed, managers will have a firmer foundation for launching learning organizations. Without this groundwork, progress is unlikely, and for the simplest of reasons. For learning to become a meaningful corporate goal, it must first be understood. What Is a Learning Organization?Surprisingly, a clear definition of learning has proved to be elusive over the years. Organizational theorists have studied learning for a long time the accompanying quotations suggest that there is still ample disagreement (see Definitions of Organizational Learning on scallywag 77). Most scholars view organizational learning as a process that unfolds over time and link it with knowledge acquisition and improved performance. But they dissent on other important matters. Some, for example, believe that behavioral change is required. for learning others insist that new ways of thinking are enough.Some cite learning processing as the mechanism through which learning takes place others propose-shared insights, organizational routines, even memo. And some think that organizational learning is common, while others believe that flawed, self-serving interpretations are the norm. How can we discern among this cacophony of voices yet build on earlier insights? As a first step, consider the wining definition A learning organization is an organization skilled at creating, acquiring and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights.This definition begins with a simple truth new ideas are essential if learning is to take place. Sometimes they are created de novo, through flashes of insight or creativity at other times they survive from outside the organization or are communicated by knowledgeable insiders. Whatever their source, these ideas are the trigger for organizational improvement. But they cannot by themselves create a learning organization. Without accompanying changes in the way that work gets done, only the potential for improvement exists.This is a surprisingly stringent test for it rules out a number of obvious candidates for learning organizations. Many universities fail to qualify, as do many consulting firms. Even General Motors, despite its recent efforts to improve performance, is found wanting. All of these organizations have been effective at creating or acquiring new knowledge but notably less successful in applying that knowledge to their own activities. Total gauge management, for example, is now taught at many business schools, yet the number using it to guide their own decision making is very small.Organizational consultants advise clients on kind dynamics and small-group behavior but are notorious for their own infighting and factionalism. And GM, with a few exceptions (like Saturn and NUMMI), has had little success in revamping its manufacturing practices, even though its managers are experts on lean manufacturing, JIT production, and the requirements for improved quality of work life. Organizations that do pass the definitional test Honda, Corning, and General Electric come quickly to mind have, by contrast, become proficient at translating new knowledge into new ways of behaving.These companies actively manage the learning process to ensure th at it occurs by design rather than by chance. classifiable policies and practices are responsible for their success they form the building blocks of learning organizations. Building Blocks Learning organizations are skilled at five main activities systematic problem solving, experimentation with new approaches, learning from their own experience and past history, learning from the experiences and best practices of others, and transferring knowledge quickly and efficiently throughout the organization. apiece is accompanied by a typical mind-set, tool kit, and pattern of behavior. Many companies practice these activities to some degree. But few are consistently successful because they rely largely on happenstance and isolated examples. By creating systems and processes that support these activities and integrate them into the fabric of daily operations, companies can manage their learning more effectively. 1. Systematic problem solving. This first activity rests heavily on the philos ophy and methods of the quality movement.Its underlying ideas, now widely accepted, include Relying on the scientific method, rather than guesswork, for diagnosing problems (what Deming calls the Plan, Do, Check, Act cycle, and others refer to as hypothesis-generating, hypothesistesting techniques). Insisting on selective information, rather than assumptions, as background for decision making (what quality practitioners call fact-based management). Using simple statistical tools (histograms, Pareto charts, correlations, cause-and-effect diagrams) to organize data and draw inferences.Most training programs focus primarily on problem solving techniques, using exercises and practical examples. These tools are relatively straightforward and easily communicated the unavoidable mind-set, however, is more difficult to establish. Accuracy and precision are essential for learning. Employees must therefore become more disciplined in their thinking and more thoughtful to details. They mus t continually ask, How do we know thats true? , recognizing that close enough is not good enough if real learning is to take place.They must push beyond obvious symptoms to assess underlying causes, often collecting evidence when conventional wisdom says it is unnecessary. Otherwise, the organization will remain a prisoner of gut facts and sloppy reasoning, and learning will be stifled. Xerox has mastered this approach on a companywide scale. In 1983, old managers launched the companys leaders Through Quality initiative since then, all employees have been trained in small-group activities and problem-solving techniques. Today a six-step process is used for virtually all decisions (see Xeroxs Problem-Solving Process).Employees are provided with tools in four areas generating ideas and collecting information (brainstorming, interviewing, surveying) reaching consensus (list reduction, rating forms, weighted voting) analyzing and displaying data (cause-andeffect diagrams, force-field a nalysis) and planning actions (flow charts, Gantt charts). They then practice these-tools during training sessions that depart several days. Training is presented in family groups, members of the resembling department or business- social unit team, and the tools are applied to real problems facing the group.The result of this process has been a common language and a consistent, companywide approach to problem solving. Once employees have been trained, they are expected to use the techniques at all meetings, and no topic is off limits. When a high-ranking group was formed to review Xeroxs organizational structure and suggest alternatives, it employed the very same process and tools. 2. Experimentation. This activity involves the systematic distinct for and testing of new knowledge. Using the scientific method is essential, and there are obvious parallels to systematic problem solving.But unlike problem solving, experimentation is ordinarily motivated by opportunity and expandin g horizons, not by current difficulties. It takes two main forms ongoing programs and one-ofa-kind induction projects. Ongoing programs ordinarily involve a go on series of small experiments, designed to produce incremental gains in knowledge. They are the mainstay of most continuous improvement programs and are especially common on the shop floor. Corning, for example, experiments continually with diverse raw materials and new formulations to increase yields and provide better grades of glass.Allegheny Ludlum, a specialty steelmaker, regularly examines new rolling methods and improved technologies to chevvy productivity and reduce costs. Successful ongoing programs share several characteristics. First, they work hard to ensure a steady flow of new ideas, even if they must be imported from outside the organization. Chaparral Steel sends its first-line supervisors on sabbaticals around the globe, where they visit academic and industry leaders, develop an savvy of new Xeroxs Pro blem-Solving Process StepQuestions to be Answered What do we want to change? Expansion/ Divergence Lots of problems for consideration Contraction/ Convergence One problem statement, one desired state agreed upon Whats Next to Go to the Next Step Identification of the gap Desired state described in noticeable terms Key causes documented and ranked 1. Identify and select problem 2. Analyse Problem Whats preventing us from reaching the desired state? How could we make the change? Whats the best way to do it? Lots of potential causes identified.Key causes identified and verified 3. Generate potential responses 4. Select and plan the resolve Lots of ideas on how to solve the problem Lots of criteria for evaluating potential bases. Lots of ideas on how to implement and evaluate the selected solution Potential solutions clarified Criteria to use for evaluating solution agreed upon Implementation and evaluation plans agreed upon Implementation of agreed-on contingency plans (if necessar y) Effectiveness of solution agreed upon Continuing problems (if any) identified Solution List.Plan for making and observe the change Measurement criteria to evaluate solution effectiveness 5. Implement the solution Are we following the plan? Solution in place 6. Evaluate the solution How well did it work? Verification that the problem is solved, or Agreement to address continuing problems work practices and technologies, then bring what theyve learned back to the company and apply it to daily operations. Inlarge part as a result of these initiatives, Chaparral is one of the five lowest cost steel plants in the beingness.GEs furbish up Program originally sent manufacturing managers to Japan to study factory innovations, such as quality circles and kanban cards, and then apply them in their own organizations today atomic number 63 is the destination, and productivity improvement practices the target. The program is one reason GE has recorded productivity gains averaging nearly 5% over the last four years. Successful ongoing programs also require an incentive system that favors risk taking. Employees must feel that the benefits of experimentation exceed the costs otherwise, they will not participate.This creates a difficult scrap for managers, who are trapped between two perilous extremes. They must maintain accountability and control over experiments without stifling creativity by unduly penalizing employees for nonstarters. Allegheny Ludlum has better this juggling act it keeps expensive, high-impact experiments off the scorecard used to evaluate managers but requires prior approvals from four senior vice presidents. The result has been=a history of productivity improvements annually avenging 7% to 8%.Finally, ongoing programs need managers and employees who are trained in the skills required to perform and evaluate experiments. These skills are seldom intuitive and must usually be learned. They get over a broad sweep statistical methods, like design of experiments, that efficiently compare a large number of alternatives in writing(p) techniques, like process analysis, that are essential for redesigning work flows and creativity techniques, like storyboarding and role playing, that keep novel ideas flowing. The most effective training programs are tightly focused and feature a small set of techniques tailored to employees needs.Training in design of experiments, for example, is useful for manufacturing engineers, while creativity techniques are well suitable to development groups. Demonstration projects are usually larger and more complex than ongoing experiments. They involve holistic, system wide changes, introduced at a single invest, and are often undertaken with the goal of developing new organizational capabilities. Because these projects represent a sharp break from the past, they are usually designed from scratch, using a pick slate approach.General Foodss Topeka plant, one of the first high commitment work systems in t his country, was a pioneering demonstration project initiated to introduce the idea of self-managing teams and high levels of worker autonomy a more recent example, designed to rethink small-car development, manufacturing, and sales, is GMs Saturn Division. Demonstration projects share a number of distinctive characteristics They are usually the first projects to embody principles and approaches that the organization hopes to adopt later on a larger scale.For this reason, they are more transitional efforts than endpoints and involve gigantic learning by doing. Mid-course corrections are common. They implicitly establish policy guidelines and decision rules for later projects. Managers must therefore be sensitive to the precedents they are backing and must send strong signals if they expect to establish new norms. They often encounter severe tests of commitment from employees who wish to see whether the rules have, in fact, changed. They are normally developed by strong multif unctional teams reporting directly to senior management.(For projects targeting employee involvement or quality of work life, teams should be multilevel as well. ) They tend to have only limited impact on the rest of the organization if they are not accompanied by explicit strategies for transferring learning. All of these characteristics appeared in a demonstration project launched by Copeland Corporation, a highly successful compressor manufacturer, in the mid-1970s. Matt Diggs, then the new CEO, wanted to transform the companys approach to manufacturing. Previously, Copeland had machined and assembled all products in a single facility Costs were high, and quality was marginal.The problem, Diggs felt, was too much complexity. At the outset, Diggs assigned a small, multifunctional team the task of designing a focused factory dedicated to a narrow, newly developed product line. The team describe directly to Diggs and took three years to complete its work. Initially, the project bu dget was $10 million to $12 million that figure was repeatedly revised as the team found, through experience and with Diggss prodding, that it could achieve dramatic improvements. The final examination investment, a total of $30 million, yielded unanticipated breakthroughs in reliability testing, automatic tool adjustment, and programmable control.All were achieved through learning by doing. The team set additional precedents during the plants start-up and early operations. To dramatize the importance of quality, for example, the quality manager was appointed second-in-command, a significant move upward. The same reporting relationship was used at all subsequent plants. In addition, Diggs urged the plant manager to ramp up slowly to full production and resist all efforts to proliferate products. These book of instructions were unusual at Copeland, where the marketing department normally ruled.Both directives were quickly tested management held firm, and the implications were fel t throughout the organization. Manufacturings stature improved, and the company as a whole recognized its competitive contribution. One observer commented, Marketing had always run the company, so they couldnt believe it. The change was visible at the highest levels, and it went down hard. Once the first focused factory was running smoothly -it seized 25% of the market in two years and held its edge in reliability for over a decade-Copeland built four more factories in quick succession.Diggs assigned members of the initial project to each factorys design team to ensure that early learnings were not lost these people later rotated into operating assignments. Today focused factories remain the cornerstone of Copelands manufacturing strategy and a continuing source of its cost and quality advantages. Whether they are demonstration projects like Copelands or ongoing programs like Allegheny Ludlums, all forms of experimentation seek the same end moving from superficial knowledge to deep understanding. At its simplest, the feature is between knowing how things are done and knowing why they occur.Knowing how is uncomplete knowledge it is rooted in norms of behavior, standards of practice, and settings of equipment. Knowing why is more fundamental it captures underlying causeand-effect relationships and accommodates exceptions, adaptations, and unforeseen events. The ability to control temperatures and pressures to align grains of te and form silicon steel is an example of knowing how understanding the chemical and physical process that produces the alignment is knowing why. Further distinctions are possible, as the insert Stages of Knowledge suggests. run knowledge can be arrayed in a hierarchy, moving from limited understanding and the ability to make few distinctions to more complete understanding in which all contingencies are anticipated and controlled. In this context, experimentation and problem solving foster learning by pushing organizations up the hierar chy, from lower to high stages of knowledge. 3. Learning from past experience. Companies must review their successes and failures, assess them systematically, and record the lessons in a form that employers find open and accessible.One expert has called t9is process the Santayana Review, citing the noted philosopher George Santayana, who coined the phrase Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. Unfortunately, too many managers today are indifferent, even hostile, to the past, and by failing to reflect on it, they let valuable knowledge escape. A study of more than 150 new products concluded that the knowledge gained from failures is often instrumental in achieving subsequent successes. In the simplest terms, failure is the ultimate teacher. IBMs 360 computer series, for example, one of the most popular and profitable ever built, was based on the technology of the failed Stretch computer that preceded it. In this case, as in many others, learning occurred by chance rather than by careful planning. A few companies, however, have established processes that require their managers to periodically think about the past and learn from their mistakes. Boeing did so immediately after its difficulties with the 737 and 747 plane programs. Both planes were introduced with much fanfare and also with serious problems.To ensure that the problems were not repeated, senior managers commissioned a high-level employee group, called Project Homework, to compare the development processes of the 737 and 747 with those of the 707 and 727, two of the companys most profitable planes. The group was asked to develop a set of lessons learned that could be used on future projects. After working for three years, they produced hundreds of recommendations and an inch-thick booklet. Several members of the team were then transferred to the 757 and 767 start-ups, and guided by experience, they produced the most successful, error-free launches in Boeings history.Other co mpanies have used a similar retrospective approach. Like Boeing, Xerox studied its product development process, examining three troubled products in an effort to understand why the companys new business initiatives failed so often. Arthur D. Little, the consulting company, focused on its past successes. Senior management invited ADL consultants from around the world to a two-day jamboree, featuring booths and presentations documenting a wide range of the companys most successful practices, publications, and techniques.British Petroleum went even further and established the post-project appraisal unit to review major investment projects, write up case studies, and derive lessons for planners that were then incorporated into revisions of the companys planning guidelines. A five-person unit reported to the board of directors and reviewed six projects annually. The bulk of the time was spent in the field interviewing managers. This type of review is now conducted regularly at the proje ct level. At the marrow of this approach, one expert has observed, is a mind-set that enables companies to recognize the value of productive failure as contrasted with unproductive success. A productive failure is one that leads to insight, understanding, and thereof an addition to the commonly held wisdom of the organization. An unproductive success occurs when something goes well, but nobody knows how or why. IBMs legendary founder, Thomas Watson, Sr. , apparently understood the distinction well. Company lore has it that a young manager after losing $10 million in a risky venture was called into Watsons office. The young man, soundly intimidated, began by saying, I guess you want my resignation. Watson replied, You cant be serious. We just spent $10 million educating you. Fortunately, the learning process need not be so expensive. Case studies and post-project reviews like those of Xerox and British Petroleum can be performed with little cost other than managers time. Compani es can also operate the help of faculty and students at local colleges or universities they bring fresh perspectives and view internships and case studies as opportunities to gain experience and increase their own learning. A few companies have established computerized data banks to speed up the learning process.At Paul Revere Life Insurance, management requires all problem-solving teams to complete short registration forms describing their proposed projects if they hope to qualify for the companys award program. The company then enters the forms into its computer system and can immediately retrieve a inclination of other groups of people who have worked or are working on the topic, along with a contact person. Relevant experience is then just a telephone call away. 4. Learning from others. Of course, not all learning comes from reflection and self-analysis.Sometimes the most powerful insights come from looking outside ones immediate environment to gain a new perspective. Enlighte ned managers know that even companies in completely different businesses can be fertile sources of ideas and catalysts for productive thinking. At these organizations, enthusiastic borrowing is replacing the not invented here syndrome. Milliken calls the process SIS, for Steal Ideas Shamelessly the broader term for it is benchmarking. According to one expert, benchmarking is an ongoing investigation and learning experience that ensures that best industry practices are uncovered, analyzed, adopted, and implemented. The greatest benefits come from studying practices, the way that work gets done, rather than results, and from involving line managers in the process. Almost anything can be benchmarked. Xerox, the concepts creator, has applied it to billing, warehousing, and automated manufacturing. Milliken has been even more creative in an inspired moment, it benchmarked Xeroxs approach to benchmarking. Unfortunately, there is still considerable confusion about the requirements for suc cessful benchmarking. Benchmarking is not industrial tourism, a series of ad hoc visits to companies that have received favorable publicity or won quality awards.Rather, it is a disciplined process that begins with a thorough search to identify best-practice organizations, continues with careful study of ones own practices and performance, progresses through systematic site visits and interview and concludes with an analysis of results, development of recommendations, and implementation. While timeconsuming, the process need not be terribly expensive AT&Ts Benchmarking Group estimates that a moderate-sized project takes four to six months and incurs out-of-pocket costs of $20,000 (when personnel costs ax included, the figure is three to four times higher).Bench marking is one way of gaining an outside perspective another, equally fertile source of ideas is customers. Conversations with customers invariably stimulate learning they are, after all, experts in what they do. Customers ca n provide up-to-date product information, competitive comparisons, insights into changing preferences, and immediate feedback about service and patt ern of use. And companies need these insights at all levels, from the executive suite to the shop floor. At Motorola, members of the Operating and policy Committee, including the CEO, meet personally and on a regular basis with customers.At Worthington Steel, all machine operators make periodic, unescorted trips to customers factories to discuss their needs. Sometimes customers cant declare their needs or remember even the most recent problems they have had with a product or service. If thats the case, managers must observe them in action. Xerox employs a number of anthropologists at its Palo Alto Research Center to observe users of new document products in their offices. Digital Equipment has developed an interactive process called contextual inquiry that is used by software engineers to observe users of new technologies as they go a bout their work.Milliken has created first-delivery teams that accompany the first shipment of all products team members follow the product through the customers production process to see how it is used and then develop ideas for further improvement. Whatever the source of outside ideas, learning will only occur in a receptive environment. Managers cant be defensive and must be open to criticism or bad news. This is a difficult challenge, but it is essential for success.Companies that approach customers assuming that we must be right, they have to be wrong or visit other organizations certain that they cantteach us anything seldom learn very much. Learning organizations, by contrast, cultivate the art of open, attentive listening. 5. Transferring knowledge. For learning to be more than a local affair, knowledge must spread quickly and efficiently throughout the organization.Ideas carry maximum impact when they are shared broadly speaking rather than held in a few hands. A variety o f mechanisms spur this process, including written, oral, and visual reports, site visits and tours, personnel rotation programs, education and training programs, and standardization programs. Each has distinctive strengths and weaknesses.Reports and tours are by far the most popular mediums. Reports serve many purposes they summarize findings, provide checklists of dos and donts, and describe important processes and events. They cover a multitude of topics, from benchmarking studies to accounting conventions to newly discovered marketing techniques. Today written reports are often supplemented by videotapes, which offer greater immediacy and fidelity. Tours are an equally popular means of transferring knowledge, especially for large, multidivisional organizations with multiple sites.

Beawolf is the destruction of peace and order in a community or nation

Violence, in the world of Beowulf, not entirely carries with it its inherent negative effects but in whatsoever case it helps to bring out good hu part qualities. The power being described in the epic is the murder of inhabitants and the plundering of their possessions. The first negative effect of violence as depicted in Beowulf is the destruction of peace and order in a community or nation.In the epic, the key conflict is preventing or stopping criminal monsters from causing violence to the heros land and those of neighboring shores. The two key enemies ar Grendel and the Dragon.Grendel is a grim monstera descendent of Cain who lives in a murky pond with his m different and with elves and evil spirits (Beowulf retain I). Cain is referred to in the Bible as a man who murdered his own pal so that as a punishment God cursed the ground for him and that he was sent out as a wanderer in the kingdom (Genesis 3). During times of great celebration in the great Hall built by King Hr othgar, King of Denmark, Grendel suddenly polished the Kings guests. The attack brought terror and grief to the Danes and as a result the peace and joy they felt vanished.It is important to note that such merciless act was committed without any provocation from the Danes at all. One day Grendel just decided to come out of his lair and slaughtered his captives. The grief and terror felt by the Danes lasted for twelve huge eld as Grendel continued his cruelty (Beowulf Book I,II). The Dragon, on the other hand, was a monster with a fire belching out of its mouth who attacked Beowulfs kingdom in his old age(Beowulf Book XXXII). He, too, was described as remorseless, impregnable and hard to be subdued.In a Christian context, a Dragon symbolizes evil and oddment (Dragon 2007). But unlike Grendel, the Dragon attacked upon provocation. His anger was roused when his treasures was stolen from a burial mound. Out of revenge he attack the Geats who at this time were enjoying fifty years of peace and serenity brought about by the wise rule of King Beowulf (Beowulf Book XXXI). Another negative effect of violence as depicted in the epic is the threat it caused to the survival and maintenance of civilization or nation. Grendel slaughtered his victims and carry off some prisoners to his abode.Book II describes his assault this way unhallowed wight, grim and greedy, he grasped betimes, wrathful, reckless, from resting-places, thirty of the thanes, and thence he rushed fain of his fell spoil, faring homeward (Beowulf Book II). Grendel is hard to be defeated because according to the epic no implement can destroy him. The Dragon, on the other hand, would burn homes with fire (Beowulf Book XXXII). Both monsters would make their assault at night, a time when the people are supposed to be resting and accordingly slightly defenseless.In the cover of darkness both fearsome creatures can carry on their slaughter swiftly. The Dragon stood unopposed as the people could not get ne ar him due to the flames from his mouth (Beowulf Book XXXII). In such a hopeless situation and without any intervention, the inhabitants will be eventually wiped out. Violence also breeds other violence. When Beowulf killed Grendel, Grendels mother was consumed with fury and tried to avenge his death. It does not matter to her if Grendel was the one at fault.In her screwed reasoning, Grendel was his son and therefore needs to be avenged. Prior to his death, Grendels mother was not in any way physically involved with the slaughter. However, upon his death, Grendels mother became as ruthless as his son. Without any further delay, Grendels mother went out to the Hall hoping to kill the criminal who put in his son to eternal sleep. However Beowulf was not round so that angrily she took a Danish nobleman and Grendels paw and carried them with her back to her home( Beowulf Book XIX ) .Upon hearing of this incident, Beowulf run after her and with a steel ended her life. In another sense we can say that the death of Grendel, Grendels mother and the Dragon at the hands of Beowulf was also a function of violence. However, upon careful analysis, such violence can be considered necessary to end the greater violence committed by the three aggressors. In the epic, violence only ended at the death of the three. If left alive, there is a big possibility that their violence will continue owing to their untamed evil natures.Although violence is a wicked thing to commit and should be avoided at all represent, but if present it helps to bring out the heroic trait of an idiosyncratic. The hero is the man of the hour who stops and controls the spread of violence. While the enemy is described as evil and ruthless, the hero is describes a s a man possessing a good, friendly and courageous heart. Beowulf was such a man. He was a prince who possessed not only these good human traits but also endowed with great specialization that equals, if not surpassed, the aggressors.Even lo ng before he came to the aid of King Hrothgar, he had already proven his fighting prowess when he killed the sea-monsters that plied the sea he swam in on his way to help the Finns in getting rid of their enemies(Beowulf Book I).. He showed his compassionate heart when hearing of Grendels cruelty in Hrothgars kingdom he sailed to Denmark without waiting any pleas of help from the Danish king ( Beowulf Book III). Unarmed and single-handedly he engaged Grendel in mortal assail (Beowulf Book XI).Grendel was surprised at the firm grip of Beowulf and according to him he had not yet ever encountered such a strong man in his lifetime. Beowulf managed to tear Grendels arm out of his shoulder. The awful monster had lived to feel pain in his body, a huge appall in his shoulder was exposed, his sinews sprang apart, and his bone-locks broke). This wound had mortally wounded Grendel so that he later died in his lair. The Dragon, o the other hand, was challenged by Beowulf in his den. The two s truggled against each other until Beowulf killed him with the sword).Unfortunately Beowulf, old at this time, was also wounded and eventually died (Beowulf Book XXII). It is important to note that as a hero Beowulf fought against evil forces from his youth until his old age. The epic delivers a strong message that preventing and controlling violence is a never-ending struggle. When Grendels violence ended, another one arose in the hands of the Dragon. In the face of violence, the loyalty of an individual is exposed. During Beowulfs fight with the Dragon, the struggle became fearful to watch so that Beowulfs men flee in fright.Only Wiglaf remained to help his aging monarch. Even at the cost of his life, Wiglaf help Beowulf slay the fiery Dragon (Beowulf Book XXXVI). His loyalty and gallantry was later rewarded when before Beowulf died he proclaimed Wiglaf as his successor to the throne of Geatland (Beowulf Book XXXVIII). This last gesture of Beowulf is a declaration that loyalty in t he face of crisis is to be honored. It is possible that without Wiglaf, Beowulf, wounded and old as he was, would have failed to put an end to the Dragons life. The Dragon then will continue to terrorize the Geats.Wiglafs loyalty was crucial in attaining the victory of that climatic battle. Beowulf was apprised that with Wiglaf the struggle against violence will be carried on long after his death. To the eyes of the Geats, Wiglaf is a source of hope for the survival and maintenance of Geatland. On the other hand, those who deserted Beowulf were reproached and reaped nothing but shame. WORKS CITED Dragon. Microsoft Encarta 2007 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2006. Genesis. The Holy Bible. Korea Thomas Nelson, Inc. , 1984.